Evolutionary game theory provides a framework for understanding the emergence of preferences and behavior. Why are theoretical methodologies that employ the rational actor model an evolutionary stable strategy for economists?
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- Economics Consider the ultimatum and dictator games. a) Briefly explain the general experimental findings about how individuals play these games. How do they compare with the game theoretic predictions? b) How do social preferences explain behavior in these experiments? c) Real world experiences have an impact on experimental behavior. Explain how real world experiences could affect behavior in each of theses experiments. d) Suppose that you would like to increase the amount that is sent in these experiments. Can you think of a way to to this? e) Suppose that individuals play first a dictator game and then an ultimatum game with the roles reversed, i.e. the sender in the dictator game is the receiver in the ultimatum game. Given what you know about individuals' behavior, how do think that players will play? Explain. youNash equilibrium refers to the optimal outcome of a game where there is no incentive for the players to deviate from their initial strategy. An individual (or player) can receive no incremental benefit from changing actions, assuming other players remain constant in their strategies. Given this premise, can there be a no Nash equilibrium?Which of the following problems makes it difficult to interpret human experiments using cooperation games based on economic game theory? If you compare humans from different cultures, you get different results which defeats the purpose. These games do not test human behavior under conditions that are ecologically realistic. Economic game theory assumes that humans are selfish, but actually we are cooperative. Humans choose to cooperate because they are related.
- You have just played rock, paper, scissors with your friend. You chose scissors and he chose paper, so you won. Is this a Nash equilibrium? Explain why or why not.Select the term that best describes each definition listed in the following table. Tit-for- Prisoner's Nash Equilibrium Payoff Matrix Dominant tat Dilemma Definition Strategy Collusion Strategy Game A strategy in which a player cooperates until the other player defects and then defects until the other player cooperates again The event that occurs when agents in a game form an agreement about which strategies to implement A case in which individually rational behavior leads to a jointly inefficient outcome A visual representation of a game showing all possible strategies for each player and all potential outcomes and payoffsEconomic agents for example consumers or firms often do things Economic agents (for example, consumers or firms) often do things that at first glance seem to be inconsistent with their self-interest. People tip at restaurants and when they are on vacation even if they have no intention to return to the same place. Firms, sometimes, install costly pollution abatement equipment voluntarily. How can these deviations from Nash predictions be explained? Economic agents for example consumers or firms often do things
- Is the solution to the prisoner’s dilemma game a Nash equilibrium? Why? The solution to the prisoner’s dilemma game is a Nash equilibrium because no player can improve his or her payoff by changing strategy unilaterally. The solution to the prisoner’s dilemma game is not a Nash equilibrium because players do not end up in the best combination for both. The solution to the prisoner’s dilemma game is not a Nash equilibrium because both players can improve their payoffs by cooperating. The solution to the prisoner’s dilemma game is a Nash equilibrium because it is a noncooperative game in which both players have to expect that the other is purely selfish.Chess is an example of a simultaneous move game – true or false. Explain your answer.Derive all of the rationalizable strategies for the game shown.
- A Nash Equilibrium is the equilibrium of a game in which; Both players get the largest payoff amount Both players get the best payoff independent of what the other players choices are Both player, with the knowledge of what the other players possible moves are, do not have incentive to deviate from their strategy There is incomplete information of the game and each player makes the move that is best for them and their payoff outcomeTrue or false? If a game has a Nash equilibrium, that equilibrium will be the equilibrium that we expect to observe in the real world. False. People don’t always act in the way that a Nash equilibrium requires. People don’t always make the necessary calculations and they take into account the outcome of others. False. A Nash equilibrium is based on very strict assumptions that rarely hold in the real world. No real-world situation leads to a Nash equilibrium. True. As long as people are rational and have their own self-interest at heart, real-life games will result in the Nash equilibrium. True. Nash’s theory of equilibrium outcomes was derived from real-world interactions. The theory holds true for almost all real-world scenarios.Which of the following statements is true? An outcome cannot be a Nash equilibrium if it is Pareto dominated by every other outcome. If all outcomes of a game are rationalizable, then there is at least one Nash equilibrium in pure strategies. Games with a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium cannot have a pure strategy Nash equilibrium. Adding more players to a game will increase the number of Nash equilibria. None of the above. No Answer