Equation 1.1 gives a formula for the end-to-end delay of sending one packet of length L over N links of transmission rate R. Generalize this formula for sending P such packets back-to-back over the N links.   Explain

Consider a broadcast channel with N nodes and a transmission rate of R bps. Suppose the broadcast channel uses polling (with an additional polling node) for multiple access. Suppose the amount of time from when a node completes transmission until the subsequent node is permitted to transmit (that is, the polling delay) is ?poll. Suppose that within a polling round, a given node is allowed to transmit at most Q bits. What is the maximum throughput of the broadcast channel?

Consider a packet of length L that begins at end system A and travels over three links to a destination end system. These three links are connected by two packet switches. Let d, s, and R denotes the length, propagation speed, and the transmission rate of link i, for i=1,2,3 . The packet switch delays each packet by d . Assuming no queuing delays, in terms of d, s , R, (i=1,2,3),  and L, what is the total end-to-end delay for the packet? Suppose now the packet is 1,500 bytes, and the propagation speed on all three links are 3125km/sec, 10000 km/sec, and 3333km/sec respectively. The transmission rates of all three links are 2 Mbps, the packet switch processing delay is 3 msec, the length of the first link is 5,000 km, the length of the second link is 4,000 km, and the length of the last link is 1,000 km. For these values, what is the end-to-end delay?    In the above problem, suppose R1=R2=R3=R and dproc=0. Further, suppose the packet switch does not store-and-forward packets but…

Consider the following network with given line speeds and lengths:   Assume the speed of light is 2×10^8 m/s, and that the processing and queuing delays are negligible.   Node A sends a 1400-byte frame to node C through node B. Suppose Node A starts sending the first bit of the frame at t=0. Answer the following questions:   a. At what time (t=?) node B receives the frame in full (i.e. the last bit)?   b. After node B receives the frame in full, then it will start sending the frame to node C. Determine the time (t=?) when node C receives the frame in full.    c. Suppose at this time node C sends a small acknowledgment back to node A. The transmission time for the acknowledgment is negligible. Calculate at what times (t=?) the acknowledgment arrives at nodes B and A.    d. Assume after sending its frame, node A wait for the acknowledgment back from node C before sending the next frame. What is the average throughput (number of transmitted bits per second) of the data flow from node A to…

Computer A is sending a 10 MByte long file to Computer B via packet-switching over two consecutive 100 Mbps links of 2000 km length each.Assume that the signal propagation speed on both links is 2 x 108 m/s.Furthermore, assume that the maximum length of a packet is 1480 bytes and that Computer A fills each packet to the max, if possible. How long (in seconds) does it take Computer A to send out one packet of maximum length on the first link?

Computer A is sending a 100 kByte long file to Computer B via packet-switching over two consecutive 10 Mbps links of 1000 km length each.Assume that the signal propagation speed on both links is 2.5 x 108 m/s.Furthermore, assume that the maximum length of a packet is 1500 bytes and that Computer A fills each packet to the max, if possible. How "long" (in meters) is one bit on link 1?

Computer A is sending a 100 kByte long file to Computer B via packet-switching over two consecutive 10 Mbps links of 1000 km length each.Assume that the signal propagation speed on both links is 2.5 x 108 m/s.Furthermore, assume that the maximum length of a packet is 1500 bytes and that Computer A fills each packet to the max, if possible. How long (in seconds) does it take Computer A to send out one packet of maximum length on the first link?

. Let A and B be two stations attempting to transmit on an Ethernet. Each has a steady queue of frames ready to send; A's frames will be numbered A1, A2, and so on, and B's similarly. Let T= 51.2 µs be the exponential backoff base unit. Suppose A and B simultaneously attempt to send frame 1, collide, and happen to choose backoff times of 0 x and 1 x T, respectively, meaning A wins the race and transmits A₁ while B waits. At the end of this transmission, B will attempt to retransmit B₁ while A will attempt to transmit A2. These first attempts will collide, but now A backs off for either 0 × T or 1 x T, while B backs off for time equal to one of 0 x T,..., 3 x T. (a) Give the probability that A wins this second backoff race immediately after this first collision; that is, A's first choice of backoff time k x 51.2 is less than B's. (b) Suppose A wins this second backoff race. A transmits A3, and when it is finished, A and B collide again as A tries to transmit A4 and B tries once more to…

Consider a router that transmits bits onto a transmission medium at the rate of 2 Mbps. Let the link be 3 km in length, and bits propagate through the transmission medium at the speed of (approximately) 3x10^8 meters/sec. What is the transmission delay in seconds to transmit a packet of size 2,0o0 bits onto the link? a. 1x10^-5 seconds O b. .001 seconds с. 1 second d. -4 seconds

Assume that an end-to-end communications system is made up of three networks with date rate in Mbps ρ1, ρ2, and ρ3, respectively. Ignoring the other delay components, what is the total end-to-end delay to transmit a packet size of λ?