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- What is endosymbiosis and why is it considered to be the source of eukaryotic diversity? Why are we confident this only happened once? What is primary and secondary endosymbiosis? Was there another endosymbiotic event that led to a third lineage? What group of organisms possesses a structure that might suggest this possibility and what is the structure? Why is the structure in question different from the ancestor of other plastids?Discuss the hypothesis of serial endosymbiosis and briefly explain some of the evidence that supports it.Briefly describe the three taxa involved in the secondary endosymbiosis and the one taxa that lost mitochondria.
- Select all of the following that provide evidence about the support to the Theory of Endosymbiosis. U U U Chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA Chloroplasts and mitochondria are present in prokaryotic bacteria Chloroplasts and mitochondria are enclosed in a double membrane Chloroplasts and mitochondria divide by a process that closely resembles binary fission The DNA of chloroplasts and mitochondria is very similar to that of other free-living prokaryotesDescribe the Theory of Endosymbiosis. a) Briefly define the Endosymbiotic Theory. 2 pts,b) Explain why the Theory of Endosymbiosis is considered a “theory” and not a “hypothesis.” 3 pts,c) Provide a description of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, including at least 4 similarities and 4 structural differences. 4 pts,d) Describe the sequence of events with anaerobic ancestral proto-eukaryotes and aerobic prokaryotes that led to the formation of mitochondria and chloroplasts inside eukaryotic cells. (Be sure to define aerobic and anaerobic respiration.) 6 pts,e) Explain how each, the anaerobic ancestral proto-eukaryotes and aerobic prokaryotes, benefited from the relationship. 4 pts,f) Describe 7 pieces of evidence for this scientific theory. Some of this evidence will consist of a list of similarities between mitochondria characteristics and bacteria characteristics. Along with this list of similarities, explain HOW the characteristics are similar. 10 pts,g) The Endosymbiotic Theory…List three sources of evidence that support theendosymbiotic theory of organelle evolution.
- Volvox carteri, an volvocine alga, has approximately 2000 somatic cells and only 16 reproductive or germ line cells. The observation that multicellular individuals, like Volvox, have a much smaller subset of germ line cells compared to somatic cells appears to be general rule. Which of the following is the best evolutionary explanation for why this is the case? A) Organisms can biologically only contain a small number of germ line cells as they are always larger than somatic cells. B) Multicellular individuals with a germ line vs. somatic cell line differentiation only evolved a single time, thus all members of this lineage share the same scheme of more soma cells with a much smaller subset of germ line cells. C) Having a smaller subset of reproductive cells helps reduce the likelihood of cheating from evolving, which in turns prevents the collapse of the multicellular individual system. D) None of the above.Describe the hypothesis of serial endosymbiosis.Under the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of the eukaryotic cell. The ancestor of mitochondria and chloroplasts original became part of mutualism with a larger host cell. Which of the following best explains this mutualism? A) The mitochondria and chloroplasts provided specialized reproduction as part of the proto-germ line while the larger host cell provided energy for growth and reproduction. B) The mitochondria and chloroplasts provided gene products that could be used by the larger host cell for improved parasitization. C) The mitochondria and chloroplasts provided molecular energy in return for protection by the larger host cell. D) The mitochondria and chloroplasts produce toxins that the larger cell utilized to defend itself from other cells mutually increasing the defense of all those involved.
- Explain why the process of endosymbiosis can be viewed asboth an ancient event and a more recent event. What advantages could endosymbiosis give to both the endosymbiontand the host?Provide a paragraph or bulleted list to answer the following questions. Note that this question has multiple parts so be sure to answer each part. (a) Describe the coevolutionary pattern that systematists look for (b) Name the evolutionary mechanism that causes the phylogeny of hosts to be similar to the phylogeny of their symbionts. (c) Name 2 phenomena that cause a phylogeny of hosts and a phylogeny of their symbionts to come to differ. (d) Some tapeworm groups found in modern marine mammals evolved long before their hosts. Describe how the phenomenon of mass extinctions explains this.What is one argument against the idea that the nucleus has also become part of a eukaryotic cell via an endosymbiosis event?