Design a full-wave rectifier based on the circuit shown in Figure 3.1 below: N1: N2 + D3 D1 RL vs Figure 3.1 The required specification for the full-wave rectifier circuit includes the peak output voltage of 5 V, delivering 100 mA to the load RL, and producing an output with a ripple of not more than 5 percent. An input line voltage of 220 V (RMS), 50 Hz, is available. Given Vy= 0.7 V. (a) Calculate Vs (max). (b) Find the required turn ratio for the transformer. (c) Determine the Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV). (d) What is the effective load resistance? (e) Determine the required capacitance of the filter capacitor.

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Thermistors

A thermistor is a special type of resistor whose resistance is more temperature-dependent than standard resistors.  The resistance of the thermistor decreases with increasing temperature. This is the basic principle of thermistors. This allows the thermistor circuit to detect very small temperature changes that cannot be observed with the Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) or the thermocouples. Since the resistance of a thermistor is temperature dependent, it can be connected to an electrical circuit to measure body temperature. This high sensitivity to temperature changes makes thermistors very useful for accurately controlling and calibrating temperature measurements. In general, resistance increases with increasing temperature in most metals, but thermistors react negatively.