Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Need help with Part 3

**Title: Stepwise Mechanism of Alkyl Halide Formation Reaction** **Introduction:** This educational guide explains the stepwise mechanism for the conversion of an alcohol to an alkyl bromide using HBr. The transformation involves several key steps depicting the interaction between the molecules. --- ### Reaction Overview: **Starting Material:** - Cyclopentylmethyl alcohol with a tert-butyl group. **Reagent:** - Hydrobromic acid (HBr). **Product:** - Cyclopentylmethyl bromide with a tert-butyl group. --- ### Mechanistic Steps: **Part 1: Protonation of Alcohol** 1. **Structure:** - The alcohol group on the cyclic compound is targeted. 2. **Process:** - The oxygen of the hydroxyl group forms a bond with the hydrogen of HBr. - This results in the formation of a positively charged oxonium ion and a bromide ion (\(Br^-\)). 3. **Diagram Description:** - The structure shows the transfer of hydrogen to the alcohol group, forming water and leaving behind a bromide ion. - Options provided below include various ions and molecules, with the correct answer marking "H_2O" and "Br^-". --- **Part 2: Formation of the Carbocation** 1. **Structure:** - Shows the departure of water, forming a stable carbocation intermediate. 2. **Process:** - The loss of the water molecule leaves behind a positively charged carbocation at the location of the original alcohol. 3. **Diagram Description:** - The carbocation is highlighted, showing the intermediate state before the nucleophilic attack. - Again, options are provided to select the correct components indicating the step, with "H_2O" highlighting the presence of the water byproduct. --- **Part 3: Nucleophilic Attack** 1. **Structure:** - Displays the bromide ion attacking the carbocation. 2. **Process:** - The negatively charged bromide ion attacks the carbocation, forming the desired alkyl bromide. 3. **Diagram Description:** - The final product structure shows the substitution of the bromine atom for the hydroxyl group with options confirming this substitution reaction. - Clicking "finish structure..." leads to the visible conclusion of the reaction mechanism. --- **Conclusion:** This stepwise process showcases the transformation of
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Transcribed Image Text:**Title: Stepwise Mechanism of Alkyl Halide Formation Reaction** **Introduction:** This educational guide explains the stepwise mechanism for the conversion of an alcohol to an alkyl bromide using HBr. The transformation involves several key steps depicting the interaction between the molecules. --- ### Reaction Overview: **Starting Material:** - Cyclopentylmethyl alcohol with a tert-butyl group. **Reagent:** - Hydrobromic acid (HBr). **Product:** - Cyclopentylmethyl bromide with a tert-butyl group. --- ### Mechanistic Steps: **Part 1: Protonation of Alcohol** 1. **Structure:** - The alcohol group on the cyclic compound is targeted. 2. **Process:** - The oxygen of the hydroxyl group forms a bond with the hydrogen of HBr. - This results in the formation of a positively charged oxonium ion and a bromide ion (\(Br^-\)). 3. **Diagram Description:** - The structure shows the transfer of hydrogen to the alcohol group, forming water and leaving behind a bromide ion. - Options provided below include various ions and molecules, with the correct answer marking "H_2O" and "Br^-". --- **Part 2: Formation of the Carbocation** 1. **Structure:** - Shows the departure of water, forming a stable carbocation intermediate. 2. **Process:** - The loss of the water molecule leaves behind a positively charged carbocation at the location of the original alcohol. 3. **Diagram Description:** - The carbocation is highlighted, showing the intermediate state before the nucleophilic attack. - Again, options are provided to select the correct components indicating the step, with "H_2O" highlighting the presence of the water byproduct. --- **Part 3: Nucleophilic Attack** 1. **Structure:** - Displays the bromide ion attacking the carbocation. 2. **Process:** - The negatively charged bromide ion attacks the carbocation, forming the desired alkyl bromide. 3. **Diagram Description:** - The final product structure shows the substitution of the bromine atom for the hydroxyl group with options confirming this substitution reaction. - Clicking "finish structure..." leads to the visible conclusion of the reaction mechanism. --- **Conclusion:** This stepwise process showcases the transformation of
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