DNA (haplotypes) originating from the Denisovans can be found in the genomes of Indigenous Australians and Melanesian Islanders. However, the same DNA markers are not found in the genomes of people native to Africa. Why are Denisovan haplotypes found in Indigenous Australians and Melanesian Islanders but not in people native to Africa? Homo sapiens populations moved out of Africa into Asia and then interbred with the Denisovans before migrating to Australia and Melanesia. Homo sapiens populations interbred with the Denisovans before leaving Africa. The Denisovan haplotypes appeared in both Homo sapiens populations independently due to spontaneous mutations. Homo sapiens populations interbred with the Denisovans and then migrated into Africa, Australia, and Melanesia.

What affect will inbreeding tend to have on genotypic frequencies in a population? a) It will increase the frequency of genotypes that produce a dominant phenotype. b) It will decrease the frequency of genotypes that produce a dominant phenotype. c) It will increase the frequency of homozygous genotypes. d) It will increase the frequency of heterozygous genotypes.

1a) In a very large population, if the forward and reverse mutation rates are exactly the same, how would you expect the frequency of an original, non-mutated allele to change in the population over time? Will the population eventually achieve an equilibrium value of the frequency of the non-mutated allele? b) What if the forward mutation rate is one order of magnitude larger (e. 10X) than the reverse mutation rate? Do you expect the frequency of the original, non-mutated allele to increase, decrease, or stay the same over time?  c) If the population size is considerably smaller, does this change your expectations for changes in the frequency of the original, non-mutated allele over several generations?

In a population of 500 fruit flies, 250 are genotype RR, 100 are genotype Rr and 150 are genotype rr. Determine the allele frequencies for this gene in this population. Remember that the frequencies should add to 1. Please show your work.