Explain why the experimental procedures performed by Lenski (and his lab) caused the fitness of the bacteria to increase over time (especially early on) in all 12 of his populations.
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Bacterial Genomics
The study of the morphological, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of the bacterial genome is referred to as bacterial genomics. This subdisciplinary field aids in understanding how genes are assembled into genomes. Further, bacterial or microbial genomics has helped researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and other microbes.
Transformation Experiment in Bacteria
In the discovery of genetic material, the experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith on Streptococcus pneumonia proved to be a stepping stone.
Plasmids and Vectors
The DNA molecule that exists in a circular shape and is smaller in size which is capable of its replication is called Plasmids. In other words, it is called extra-chromosomal plasmid DNA. Vectors are the molecule which is capable of carrying genetic material which can be transferred into another cell and further carry out replication and expression. Plasmids can act as vectors.
Explain why the experimental procedures performed by Lenski (and his lab) caused the fitness of the bacteria to increase over time (especially early on) in all 12 of his populations.
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- esting 8MU376MpwkNtkrF5%252B26BVPP%252Bzg%253D%2. Question Image 1 3 6. 7. 8. with the figure? cracteristics ight differe dividuals can compared Q. Which of following can you do with the biotechnology depicted in the figure? • 0 1:47 Sign out || O|| | 11RESEARCH ARTICLE TITLE: "On the rapidity of antibiotic resistance evolution facilitated by a concentration gradient" Full Article Reseach: Hermsen, R., Deris, J. B., & Hwa, T. (2012). On the rapidity of antibiotic resistance evolution facilitated by a concentration gradient. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(27), 10775–10780. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117716109 QUESTION: 1. In biological/science manner, what are your comments on how the authors constructed their ARTICLE/RESEACH TITLE (see article).Linkage maps in an Hfr bacterial strain are calculated in units of minutes (the number of minutes between genes indicates the length of time that it takes for the second gene to follow the first in conjugation). In making such maps, microbial geneticists assume that the bacterial chromosome is transferred from Hfr to F − at a constant rate. Thus, two genes separated by 10 minutes near the origin end are assumed to be the same physical distance apart as two genes separated by 10 minutes near the F −attachment end. Suggest a critical experiment to test the validity of this assumption.
- Theoretical Data Following the modified protocol for the isolation of Escherichia coli bacteriophage of Encabo (2018) presented below, compute for the pfu/ml of the chloroform-treated lysate. 1ml 1ml 1ml 1ml 1 Chloroform-treated lysate 1ml Dilution 10-3 10-4 10-5 0 0 0 0 0 9ml 9ml 9ml 10-1 10-² 10-3 Empty sterile tubes Incubate inside ref for 15-20min + 0.1 ml lysate-E.coli mix 0.1 ml 9ml 9ml 104 10.5 // 0.1 ml 0.1 ml +0.5 ml E. coli ↓↓↓↓↓↓ Incubate O/N at 35°C, observe for plaques Molten soft agar overlay B. Quantification of the Infective E. coli other Bacteriophage Particles in the Raw Sewage Sample Volume of Stock Plated (in ml) Bottom agar No. of Plaque-Forming Units (pfu) Ave. A B 254 265 132 110 11 238) What sort of selection marker system will ensure that only E. coli transformed with pGLO will survive? Can I have an answer for 7 and 8 based on the diagram.3 2. The table below was obtained by P1 phage transduction followed by media selection of an E. coli strain lacking the three genes. Determine the map order of the genes given the information provided. Demonstrate CLEARLY which are closer or farther from each other (no numbers needed). 1 2 MAP: Experiment Selected marker Ala+ Gly+ Ser+ Unselected markers (select- ed for by subsequent plating) 27% Ser+, 2% Gly+ 3% Ser+, 1% Ala+ 35% Ala+, 4% Gly+
- Why is gene editing becoming a trend in modern genetic engineering? Provide a concrete example on your explanation. 2. Out of 4 presented methodologies in gene modification/editing, which do you think is the most promising in providing efficient result? Why do you say so? 3. What makes the species of Agrobacterium ideal for genetic engineering? Describe its characteristics and its role in producing transgenic plants. 4. In which of the following aspects do you think it is worthwhile to develop genetic engineering? Why or why not? a.) Agriculture and Food Industry b.) Medicine c.)Research d.) Entertainment 5. What are the possible bioethical issues that gene editing tools may encounter? 6. Do you think genetic engineers play God when they modify the genes of various organisms to enhance their existing traits? Why or why not?The results of the fluctuation test (Fig. 7.5) were interpreted to mean that different numbers of mutantbacteria preexisted in each of the 11 culture tubes because the mutations arose spontaneously at differenttimes during the growth of each culture. However, another possibility is that the differences in the numberof colonies on the plates are simply due to differencesin the ability of the petri plates to support the growthof colonies. For example, perhaps the selective agentor the nutrients in the media were not evenly distributed in the molten agar poured into the petri dishes.What experiment could you do to determine whetheror not differences in the petri plates were a factor inthe experiment?A high cell density culture of recombinant E. coli was carried out according to the following strategy:-Step 1: single batch with exponential growth until 98% conversion of the substrate, starting from V0= 4.0 L, S0=50 g/L/ X0= 1.0 g/LStep 2: batch fed with exponential flow (SF-800 g/L, μ= 0.1 h-1) until reaching X= 50.9 g/L;Step 3: batch fed with constant flow (F= 0.1 L/h) for 4 hours (induction phase with IPTG)Note: consider that the quasi-steady state is reached in both fed-batch stages.Extra data: YX/S = 0.4 gx/gs; μmax= 0.25 h-1; Ks== 1.0 g/L a) What was the cell concentration reached at the end of step 1?b) For step 3, considering that the substrate concentration in the feed was 1/4 of that used in step 2, what was the concentration of cells reached at the end of step 3?C) In terms of cell productivity, which of the three phases of cultivation was the most productive?
- A graduate student was assaying LD50 (lethal dose 50%) of two temperature-sensitive Francisella tularensis strains in HeLa cells (human cell line). Both strains can infect humans and cause fatal tularemia if untreated, but it is difficult to obtain LD50 values in human subjects. The data below shows LD50 (lethal dose 50%) values of the strains in human cell culture. Can you predict the more virulent strain of the two human pathogens? Francisella tularensis strain A: LD50 @ 20°C= 100; LD50 @ 37°C= 1000 Francisella tularensis strain B: LD50 @ 20°C= 1000 LD 50 @ 37°C= 100 O It is not possible to determine the virulence of the two strains as human pathogens from the provided data Strain A and strain B are equally virulent as human pathogens, as they average out in virulence. O Strain A is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen. O Strain B is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen.A graduate student was assaying LD50 (lethal dose 50%) of two temperature-sensitive Francisella tularensis strains in HeLa cells (human cell line). Both strains can infect humans and cause fatal tularemia if untreated, but it is difficult to obtain LD50 values in human subjects. The data below shows LD50 (lethal dose 50%) values of the strains in human cell culture. Can you predict the more virulent strain of the two human pathogens? Francisella tularensis strain A: LD50 @ 20∘C= 100; LD50 @ 37∘C= 1000 Francisella tularensis strain B: LD50 @ 20∘C= 1000 LD50 @ 37∘C= 100 Group of answer choices It is not possible to determine the virulence of the two strains as human pathogens from the provided data Strain A and strain B are equally virulent as human pathogens, as they average out in virulence. Strain A is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen. Strain B is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen.BICD100 HW6 Prokaryotic Genetics Question 1. You are interested in three genes in bacteriophage. The recessive mutant alleles cause plaque phenotypes that were creatively named fuzzy, shaky, and purple. Another lab published the following map of the three genes: fuzzy shaky 2.9 17.4 purple To verify the published map, you cross a purple shaky phage strain with a fuzzy phage strain by co- infecting E. coli at a high multiplicity of infection (every bacterium infected with both types of phage). You plate the resulting lysate and analyze the phenotypes of the plaques caused by the progeny phage. a. State the genotypes of the two parent phage strains: b. List all eight of the possible phenotypes that could result from this cross. If 400 phage plaques were examined from this cross, how many plaques of each of the eight phenotypic classes would you expect?