Distinguish Kreb's cycle from Electronic Chain Transport by emphasizing the ATP generated. Using carbs such as bread and rice as an example, consider how these food items you eat are affected by either Kreb's cycle or Electronic Chain Transport.

Lactic acid is a biproduct formed at the end of anaerobic respiration. This molecule is dangerous to cells of the body if it builds up too much. Despite this, the formation of lactic acid is very important. Explain why the process of anaerobic respiration is so important (providing reference to glycolysis, the role of coenzymes, and ATP formation).

Calculate the ATP yields in respiration given a certain type of substrate and process. Some common substrates and the place in the aerobic pathway where they insert:2-carbon amino acids @ Acetyl CoA3-carbon amino acids @ Pyruvate4-carbon amino acids @ Succinate5-carbon amino acids @ a-ketoglutarateFatty acids oxidized into 2-carbon units that enter @ Acetyl CoAGlycerol enters at glyceraldehyde phosphate 1) a) A dipeptide containing a 4-carbon amino acid and a 5-carbon amino acid b)A dipeptide containing a 4-carbon amino acid and a 5-carbon amino acid c)A 20-unit polypeptide (each unit = a 2-carbon amino acid)

Explain from a chemical stand point why ATP has a high phosphoryl-transfer potential. Make sure to compare ATP with its hydrolysis products, ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Protein: hexokinase, Role: The enzyme that carries out the first step of glycolysis (the first cytoplasmic phase of cellular respiration). Where is this protein synthesized? Be as specific as possible and briefly explain your choice

a) List all possible factors that regulates metabolic reactions (glycolysis) and briefly explain them in full sentence.  b) How does cell overcome nonspontaneous reaction 1 and 3 in glycolysis? Support your answer in full sentence.

Metabolism is essential to life and is the process by which cells make energy to carry out all of the processes required for them to survive. Metabolism requires that the organism transport substances from the environment into the cell to utilize in their metabolic pathways. Bacteria have a diverse array of potential metabolic processes to make energy. Given the information below (A. and B.), describe how the organisms would make ATP in the environment they are found. Make sure to discuss in detail each of the pathways, including the starting products, end products, components of the ETC (if applicable), how the cell makes ATP during this process, where in the cell each of these pathways occur and  the transport mechanism(s) utilized to move the starting products from the environment into the cell.   An anaerobic organism that is only able to ferment lactose.