Discuss the role of autoantibodies in three named autoimmune diseases, then discuss how four named monoclonal antibody therapies (biologics) have been used to treat patients with autoimmunity. Use the aid of many diagrams.

Q: In the event of an inflammation in the body, discuss the vaccine concept after indicating how the…

A: Inflammation It is defined as a biological response of the immune system which is stimulated by…

Q: Vaccines are biological preparations that establishes or improves immunity to a particular disease.…

A: Vaccines are biological preparation that provides acquired immunity. It mainly used to treat…

Q: Describe the main functions of T cells. What are the main types of effector T cells and their…

A: T cells also known as T lymphocytes, are part of the immune system and are one of the most important…

Q: What is the smallest unit of an antibody that can retain the specificity and binding affinity of the…

A: Antigen-binding fragments generated from the variable region of IgG and IgM include Fab2, Fab, Fab',…

Q: Explain the clonal selection theory of antibody specificity and diversity.

A: Introduction: The antibody is a protein secreted by the body to fight against the invasive pathogen…

Q: w..*** Antibodies Select one: a. are shaped like the letter B b. assist in destroying particular…

A: An antibody (Ab), otherwise called an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a huge, Y-molded protein utilized by…

Q: If you wanted to cure allergies by bioengineering an antibody that would bind and disable the…

A: Antibodies are soluble glycoproteins composed of 4 polypeptide chains of identical light chain and…

Q: What part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a potential target site for a vaccine? Explain your reasoning;…

A: Vaccine is a preparation which is responsible for producing the active acquired immune response in…

Q: The five classes (isotypes) of immunoglobulins comprise Select one: a. IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM b.…

A: The immune system uses an antibody, often referred to as an immunoglobulin, to identify and destroy…

Q: Give some examples of clinical applications using antibodies for immunotherapy.

A: Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy, is a method of treating disease by either…

Q: Explain the difference between the two ways that alloreactive T cells can be stimulated in an acute…

A: Acute transplant rejection happens days to months following a transplant when the immune system…

Q: Which domain of antibody defines its type and which domain is for specificity against antigen. Also…

A: Antibody is also known as immunoglobulin is a Y-shaped protein. They helps in providing immunity to…

Q: How does the design of CAR T-cell therapies address the limitation of requiring 2 signals for full T…

A: CAR T-cell therapies are a type of immunotherapy that involves genetically modifying a patients T…

Q: Why is type AB considered a universal acceptor of blood from donors? A. Type AB erythrocyte membrane…

A: The plasma membrane of red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes contain many antigens. Based on the…

Q: Write a note on immunoglobulins. Write briefly about conjugated proteins.

A: The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect…

Q: You are interested in performing indirect immunofluorescence light microscopy to observe the…

A: Immunofluorescence light microscopy is a laboratory technique that uses fluorescently labeled…

Q: How could cyclosporine be used to treat autoimmune disease? be sure to explain you're reasoning

A: Answer- Cyclosporine works by weakening our immune system. White blood cells, part of our immune…

Q: What is monoclonal antibodies? How it can be categorized

A: Antibodies are Y-shaped protein molecules made by white blood cells (WBCs) in response to antigen.…

Q: Explain the effects of azathioprine, corticosteroids and cyclosporine A and their combined effects.…

A: . From these reports, it appears that in severe acute ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease…

Q: Which of the following is an advantage of using monoclonal antibodies over polyclonal antibodies in…

A: Immunoglobulins or otherwise called as antibodies. They are produced in response to several…

Q: lin antibodi

A: Anti-immunoglobulin antibodies or IgG antibodies are the antibodies responsible for producing…

Q: You are an immunocompromised person with a history of serious lung infections, putting you at high…

A: Coronavirus disease was a pandemic disease that took place during 2020-2022. This is a contagious…

Q: Which of the following result do you expect to see from your experiment, and what problem you may…

A: Immunity is the term used for the ability of our body to fight against pathogens. Immunity is of two…

Q: Identify which of the following statements regarding peptide–MHC molecule interactions are correct.…

A: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a group of genes that help the immune system recognize…

Q: Complete the following table to supply the phenotypes for each syndrome cells with the alpha beta…

A: T-lymphocytes arise in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus, where the T-cells express their…

Q: Fucose Ceramide Anti-A antibody Sphingosine Galactose H antigen Universal Donor Agglutination Rhesus…

A: Humans have different blood groups and blood groups are characterized by the presence of different…

Q: What are the effects of vaccination in modulating the activities of T-cell and  how are T-cells…

A: Immunity is the capacity of thr organism to provide resistance against harmful microorganisms. There…

Q: Describe the cancer immunotherapy that won the Nobel Prize in 2018. Please include:  how they…

A: Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses certain parts of the immune system to fight diseases such as…

Q: How do we boost our immune system? write at least five practical ways.

A: Introduction Immune System:- It is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body…

Q: Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect.  Which of the following examples below…

A: An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system erroneously attacks your body. The…

Q: antibody surface involved in antigen binding varies depending on the size and nature of the antigen.…

A: Antibody: These are the Y shaped protein molecule which has capacity to bind or react with the…

Q: Name the five antibody classes and describe where each is most likely to be found in the body.

A: An antibody also called immunoglobulin. It is a Y-shaped structure and it consists of four…

Q: Identify the mismatched pair. (Select all that apply.) a. type I hypersensitivity: mast cells,…

A: Different types of hyper sensitivity are the undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune…

Q: Which of the following is true about antigen presentation, MHC involvement or T cell activation?…

A: Introduction = Major Histocompatibility Complex- Cluster of genes found in all mammalsIts products…

Q: Describe how the B-cell receptor (BCR) differs from an antibody. Draw a generic example of each and…

A: INTRODUCTION B cell receptor. B cell receptor is an immunoglobulin. On the surface of B cells they…

Q: Discuss the differences between conventional T cell therapy and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T…

A: Introduction: Strategies for cancer treatment and medical research are continually changing to…

Q: All of the following are true about neutralizing antibodies, except: Group of answer choices   Bind…

A: A neutralizing antibody (NAb) is an antibody that is responsible for defending cells from pathogens.…

Q: Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. Allergens differ from antigens because a.…

A: Allergns are the substances which are responsible for causing the allergy to the host.

Q: A patient has many allergic reactions. As part of the treatmentscheme, doctors try to identify the…

A: Allergens are the antigens that can activate the immune system when came in contact or inhaled or…

Q: Explain the structure of the antibody molecule in 120 words

A: Immunoglobulins (Ig), also referred to as antibodies, are Y-shaped proteins that are essential for…

Q: Write the introduction of antibodies in biotechnology and write a short history of antibodies

A: Definition of antibodies: Antibodies are proteins that can attach to particular substances known as…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.