Discuss the main application of the Hardy–Weinberg principle in evolutionary biology.

Discuss at least two reasons why we cannot consider evolution by natural selection progressive.

List the 3 types of constraints to explain why perfection is oftennot possible in natural populations. Provide an example of each.

List and describe the five conditions of the Hardy–Weinberg principle.

Ecplain the two main predictions of the Hardy– Weinberg model ?

Discuss the significance of mutations and explain the role of the environment in the evolutionary process. (Hint: Consider Lenski's study and what is demonstrated. Do not re-tell Lenski’s study)

Darwin was the first person to note that evolutionary outcomes are probabilistic, meaning that they depend on the likelihood of outcomes rather than on certainties. Explain what this means in the context of Darwin’s theory of how evolution occurs? That is, how is Darwin’s theory is dependent upon the chances of a certain outcome and not on the absolute certainty of any particular outcome?

Explain the Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection Fisher

parsimony and maximum likelihood are two approaches to: a. Bayesian analysis or b. Phylogenetic analysis.

L Describe at least five conditions required for the Hardy-Weinberg principle to be true. Explain why these are not realistic and provide examples where possible.