Describe TWO positive feedback loops that are part of parturition and/or lactation. For each pathway, identify the mechanism that triggers the response, the glands, and the hormones involved
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Describe TWO positive feedback loops that are part of parturition and/or lactation. For each pathway, identify the mechanism that triggers the response, the glands, and the hormones involved
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- Negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis in the human body. During labour a positive feedback loop is an integral part of the process. A) What is a positive feedback loop? B) Describe the two positive feedback that is used during parturition. Make sure to include both hormones involved in parturition.Explain how oxytocin and prolactin interact to initiate and maintain lactation, including the feedback mechanisms that regulate both hormones.Many hormones, including FSH, LH, progesterone, and estrogen are controlled through a negative feedback system. Although higher levels of estrogen in the follicular stage suppress the secretion of FSH and LH in the anterior pituitary, there is an LH spike at day 14 (ovulation).Can you provide an explanation as to why an LH/FSH spike may occur using the estrogen feedback loop?
- Explain the relationship of the following pairs of terms. Briefly explain its relations 1.) Positive Feedback and oxytocin 2.) Negative Feedback and insulin 3.) Ovary and estrogen 4.) Testis and testosterone 5.) Neuron and nerve impulseName one female sex hormone which is maintained at high levels throughout pregnancy. State two important functions of the hormone in pregnant women.Explain how the placenta acts as a temporary endocrinegland.
- 1a) State the organ of origin of the following hormones and the function for: GnRH, FSH, LH, Estrogen, and Progesterone. 1b) The menstrual cycle contains both positive and negative feedback loops. Explain how. Please frame your answer using the “monitor -> control centre -> effector” scheme.Three of the steps of neuro endocrine mechanism in respect of parturition are mentioned below.Write the missing steps in proper sequence.(a) Signals originate from fully developed foetus and placenta.(b) ______________________________.(c) ______________________________.(d) Oxytocin causes strong uterine contraction(e) Uterine contraction stimulates further secretion of oxytocin.(f) ______________________________.In the anterior pituitary region, do you see multiple cell types in each follicle or does each follicle contain a single cell type? How can you tell each cell type apart from one another? Hint: think about the names and staining.
- For each hormone, select whether the hormone is increasing or decreasing at the beginning of parturition. In addition, select the correct effect that the change in hormone secretion causes. Hormone Levels Resulting Effect Increasing Decreasing Causes the endometrial layer to break away from the uterus Causes the endometrial layer to be maintained Increases uterine contractions Decreases uterine contractions Increases milk production in the mother's breasts Decrease milk production in the mother's breasts Hormone Hormone Levels Resulting Effect Estrogen Progesterone Oxytocin Prostaglandins ProlactinhCG, estrogen and progesterone are hormones that are secreted throughout pregnancy. Answer the following questions about these hormones. 1) What structure initially secretes estrogen & progesterone? 2)What structure takes over the role of secreting hCG, estrogen & progesterone in the second and third trimesters?Describe the change in progesterone secretion that occurs in preparation for parturition.
