Describe the concept of an antigen and how it relates to self and nonself markers.

Q: Describe the concepts behind the main types of immunoassays,and discuss their uses in diagnosis.

A: Immunoassay techniques allow rapid and accurate measurement or trace antigen and antibody. They use…

Q: All of the following are functions of antibodies except a. neutralization of pathogen. b.…

A: The antibody has a Y-shaped structure. It is a product of the immune system which detects the…

Q: Summarize the advantage of using a monoclonal antibodyfor diagnosis or treatment, versus using…

A: Antibodies are an important part of the defense mechanism of the body. They help in fighting…

Q: Define the term immunological surveillance, and identify the cells involved in this function.

A: Immunological surveillance is the monitoring process of immune system that detects and also destroys…

Q: Describe three circumstances that might cause antibodies to developagainst self tissues.

A: The immune system in the body act as a defense system. It fights against disease and infection. The…

Q: Which of the following steps are part of the processing of antigen by immune cells? Select all that…

A: Answer. The events involved in the generation of peptide fragments from proteins inside cells, the…

Q: Compare and contrast the mechanisms of antigen challenge and the clonal selection processes of B and…

A: Immunity refers to the body's ability to guard against pathogenic microorganisms. It comprises a…

Q: Define immunological tolerance, and explain mechanisms that may be responsible for T and B…

A: The lymphocyte is the type of white blood cell present in the vertebrate immune system. Lymphocytes…

Q: Describe the two major ways in which monoclonal antibodies are used for immunotherapy

A: Immunotherapy means treating a disease by inducing the immune response of the individual.…

Q: Explain the clonal selection theory of antibody specificity and diversity.

A: Introduction: The antibody is a protein secreted by the body to fight against the invasive pathogen…

Q: describe the actions of antibodies against diseaseagents;

A: A huge, Y-shaped protein utilized by the immune system to recognize and nullify foreign substances,…

Q: Explain the origins of autoimmunity and which persons are most often targeted by it.

A: Autoimmunity is the body's immune reactions against its own healthy cells, tissues, and other…

Q: Distinguish between antigenic drift and antigenic shift ininfluenza.

A: Influenza virus is a RNA virus that contains negative sense single stranded RNA as its genetic…

Q: List characteristics of antigens that optimize their immunogenicity.

A: Antigens can be defined as the substances that are responsible for immune response in the body by…

Q: Analyze the primary and secondary responses to antigens andimmunogens, including the importance of…

A: The primary response is an immune response generated by the immune cells of the body on exposure to…

Q: Name any two diagnostic kits based upon antigen.

A: For immunology, an antigen is a chemical or chemical structure that can be connected to by an…

Q: Discuss the main categories of antigens, based on function.

A: Antigens are the foreign molecule capable of inducing an immune response. One of the exclusive…

Q: Define the term immunization ?

A: Immunization is a process that is related to immunity. Here we will define the term immunization…

Q: Using an appropriate example, explain autoimmunity.

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: Describe antigen binding to the CDR1, 2, and 3 regions of theheavy-chain and light-chain variable…

A: The immune system in the body act as a defense system. It fights against disease and infection. The…

Q: antibodies

A: Biotechnology is a wide range of studies where it uses its techniques with biological systems to…

Q: Define monoclonal antibody.

A: An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly…

Q: Define antigenic shift

A: Immunity is the capability of multicellular organisms to resist the attack of harmful…

Q: Identify how antigen-antibody reactions are detected and quantified

A: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins are Y-shaped globular proteins secreted by the plasma…

Q: Explain one mechanism of antibody action against viruses.

A: 1. The viruses are internalized by the macrophages by phagocytosis.  2. Then they process the virus…

Q: Discuss three mechanism by which antibody mediate the destruction of pathogen.

A: Antibody An antibody(Ab) is a large protein molecules. The structure of antibody molecule is Y…

Q: Explain a comparison of good immunogens and poor immunogens.

A: A foreign substance that invades the body and activates the immune system to release antibodies…

Q: Describe how antibodies are formed in T-independent antigens

A: Antigens are divided into two types named thymus-dependent antigens that require direct contact with…

Q: Explain the following concepts in human physiology and cite clinical instances, where applicable; a.…

A: Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is the immune system's state of…

Q: give an example of an endogenous and exogenous antigen?

A: Exogenous vs. Endogenous antigen:This refers to Where the microbial ANTIGENS are made... inside or…

Q: Compare five unique types of antigens, and explain their functionsor actions.

A: Antigens are molecules that are unfamiliar to the immune system. They are recognized and bound by…

Q: Explain the difference between an epitope and an antigen.

A: Introduction  Immunity is the capability of our body to fight against the diseases. This is done by…

Q: Briefly indicate the role of glycoproteins as antigenic determinants for blood groups.

A: The immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known…

Q: Explain the mechanisms of antibody action and correlate mechanisms with effector functions.

A: Immunology is a branch of science that deals with the aspects of immune reactions, antibody…

Q: For each pair of terms, explain the relationship between the meanings of the terms. 3. pathogen and…

A: Immunity is defined as a complex biological system endowed with the capacity to recognize and…

Q: Why we use antibodies?  Please answer at your own words.

A: Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent certain types of bacterial infections. It includes a range…

Q: Explain the characteristics of antigens, the property of antigenicity,and epitopes.

A: The immune system is a complex cell and protein network that protects the body from infection. The…

Q: Compare and contrast antigenic variation and phase variation.

A: A microbe is a life form that causes sickness. The living body is normally brimming with…

Q: Describe the features of an antigen, and explain what is meant by antigenic determinant.

A: A molecule or chemical structure that can attach to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor is…

Q: What is monoclonal antibodies? How it can be categorized

A: Antibodies are Y shaped proteins found in blood that mainly get attached with the foreign invaders…

Q: Describe antigenic variation.

A: Antigenic variation or alteration refers to the mechanism by which an infectious agent such as a…

Immune Disorders

The collaboration between the cells and proteins that work together as a defense system against infection comprises the immune system.Each of them performs a variety of tasks to recognize and/or react against a foreign body.