Describe the band diagram structure of a pn junction at the equilibrium state and how it is formed, helping the description with drawings.

A 0.5 W zener diode is rated to have VzT = 4 V at a test current of IzT =11.0 mA. Its incremental resistance r, = 68.0 Ohms. What voltage will result when conducting a reverse current of Iz = 21 mA? What is the maximum safe current, using the linearized model and including the effect of rz?

Consider an idealized diode with a reverse saturation current 0.01 mA and an abrupt turn-on voltage of 0.7 V (assume no breakdown and operation away from the knee of the diode curve). For the circuit shown, both resistors are 100 2, the constant source is Vp = 5 V, and the time-dependent source is V3 = 20 sin(at) V. Calculate (a) the peak positive voltage V and the associated current through the diode and (b) the peak negative voltage V and the associated current through the diode. Rulamting R Vs + > KHI