Describe the anatomical structure and function of the alveolar-capillary membrane. What are the 3 regions of the nasal cavity? Describe the anatomical structures and function of the mucociliary escalator. Describe the anatomical pathway that inspired air takes from the nose to the alveolar sacs. What is the difference between the conduction zone and respiratory zone? What is atelectasis? How does surfactant prevent it from happening? Describe what COPD is and which conditions are considered to be COPD.

Describe the functional anatomy of alveoli, and the superficial anatomy of the lungs.

Describe the gross anatomy of the lungs.

1) During alveolar HYPERventilation, levels of blood CO2 drop while blood O2 is elevated. What reflexive responses will this stimulate from the CPG?   a) Increased DRG and VRG activity in the medulla, stimulating I and E motor neurons.   b) Decreased DRG and VRG activity in the medulla, stimulating I and E motor neurons.   c) Decreased DRG and VRG activity in the medulla, inhibiting I and E motor neurons.   d) Increased DRG and VRG activity in the medulla, inhibiting I and E motor neurons.

1. A ring of cartilage of the larynx that attaches to the first tracheal cartilage 2. Adam’s apple 3. Branches of respiratory bronchioles 4. Branching of the bronchi 5. Cavities of the nose 6. Cone-shaped, paired cartilages of the larynx 7. Divides the nose into right and left nasal cavities 8. Divisions of a bronchopulmonary segment 9. Divisions of secondary bronchi 10. Divisions of the primary bronchi 11. Divisions or branches of bronchioles 12. Fluid inside the respiratory membrane 13. Wind pipe 14. Large, leaf-shaped piece of cartilage of the larynx that blocks food from entering the trachea when we swallow 15. Lower folds in the mucous membrane of the larynx; also called true vocal cords 16. Lowermost portion of the pharynx 17. Membrane that encloses and protects the lung 18. Membrane through which respiratory gases move in the lungs 19. Microscopic divisions of terminal bronchioles 20. Move the vocal cords 21. One of three narrow passageways in the…

Describe the specific events of the ventilation process. Be sure to include all additional structures that contribute to ventilation. Explain why ventilation is not 100% voluntary. (HINT: CO2) What is spirometry?

Explain how surfactant and pleural pressure preventthe collapse of the lungs and how changes in pleuralpressure cause changes in alveolar volume

Respiratory System Examine an H&E slide of a transverse section of the trachea or main bronchus, and respond to the following. 1.a) Still at a high power, how many nuclear (cell) layers can you observe? 1. b) Why is the epithelium called pseudostratified? 2.a) Look for goblet cells; what three functions do mucus produced by these cells serve?i.ii.iii. 2.b) Besides globlet cells, what other four types of cells are present in the epithelium?I.ii.iii.iv. 3. The epithelium is supported by a lamina priopria of loose connective tissue. Which two connective tissue fibres occur in this sub-layer?i.ii.

explain the significance of anatomical dead space toalveolar ventilation;

The nerve to the sternocleidomastoid muscle was damaged during surgery. What type of breathing will be impaired— quiet inspiration, quiet expiration, forced inspiration, or forced expiration?