Q: Describe two mechanisms that bacteria use to invade via mucous membranes.
A: The membrane that lines the several body cavities is called the mucosal membrane. This membrane…
Q: Mention and describe the two types of bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
A: The emergence of resistance among the most essential bacterial pathogens is recognised as a main…
Q: How does toxin neutralization occur? Viral neutralization?
A: Microbial toxins are poisonous substances synthesized by the microorganisms which demonstrate a…
Q: Explain Direct Neutralization of Bacterial Toxins and Viruses?
A: Toxin neutralization is an assay performed to check the ability of the antibodies in the sample to…
Q: Bacteria are equipped with mechanisms that are capable of counteracting host defenses. Please choose…
A: Bacteria are single-celled microscopic organisms that can survive in a diverse environment. They are…
Q: Identify examples of cell-wall antibiotics that are not beta-lactam drugs.
A: Antibiotics are the chemicals that prevent or inhibit the growth of some microbes such as bacteria.
Q: List the four cellular agents of bacterium that most antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics…
A: Antibiotics are the secondary metabolites that are secreted by a group of microbes that declines the…
Q: Correlate host protection from microbial invasion with specific mediators
A: The immune system generates innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is activated when the body…
Q: One of the following is not considered as a determinant of bacterial pathogenesis? a. Transmission
A: Pathogenicity refers to a pathogen's ability to cause disease. Microbes express pathogenicity…
Q: What circumstances can contribute to attenuation ofa pathogen?
A: Pathogens are the organisms that can cause disease or infections after invading the host cells and…
Q: Describe three different ways in which exotoxins can be transported from a human pathogenic…
A: The release of toxins into the surrounding environment, regardless of when released, outcomes in the…
Q: Describe several components of pathogens that are involved inmicrobial adhesion.
A: Microorganisms or microbes are microscopic organisms that exist as unicellular, multicellular, or…
Q: Describe two mechanisms by which antibacterial drugs acton microorganisms.
A: Antibacterial drugs are synthesized de novo and inhibit the growth of bacteria.as there are many…
Q: Discuss the effects of several virulence factors that help microbesinvade hosts and evade host…
A: Pathogen also known as disease-causing biological agents are the organisms that can cause disease or…
Q: in order for a bacterial pathogen to colonise a host epithelial cell surface, which set of potential…
A: Introduction Microorganisms develop or secrete some factors that can evoke pathogenicity in the…
Q: Name a molecular diagnostic techniqiue to detect the presence of a pathogen in its early stage of…
A: Infection is a condition when a microorganism enters the body and causes harm. Actually, the…
Q: Explain an electron micrograph of a phagocyte engulfing bacteria.
A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…
Q: Describe the mode of action of each class of retroviral agent usedto treat infection with HIV.
A: INTRODUCTION: HIV is human immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus which leads to a disease commonly…
Q: Explain how modified secretory pathways in bacteria can lead to increased virulence and…
A: Pathogenic bacteria use a number of methods to attack host cells. It can severely damage host tissue…
Q: Describe some factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection.
A: Introduction We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…
Q: Why are certain gram-negative bacteria more resistant than gram-positive bacteria to antimicrobials…
A: Gram-negative bacteria are characterized by the presence of thin peptidoglycan cell wall. The…
Q: Describe the properties of nonviral infectious particles.
A: The viruses are considered to be non-living when they are out of the host as they lack cellular…
Q: What part of the host cell is degraded after phage nucleic acid has entered a host cell?
A: Viruses are the obligate intracellular parasite. They always hijack the host cell machinery and they…
Q: How can the outcome of an SV40 viral infection differ inpermissive versus nonpermissive hosts?
A: Virus is a microorganism that is smaller when compared to a bacterium. They lack the ability to…
Q: What term is used to describe the unique molecules found onthe surface of different pathogens?
A: Step 1 Pathogens are disease-causing organisms or parasites. Pathogens have a specific point of…
Q: Describe the molecules or structures that facilitate pathogenadherence to host tissues.
A: The cell surface receptor or appendages that are known to favor the attachment of bacteria to the…
Q: Give an example of preventing infection for each element of the infection chain ?
A: Infection It is the process of interaction that occurs between pathogens and susceptible host. There…
Q: Identify physical and chemical barriers to pathogens. Howmight these barriers be compromised?
A: Physical and chemical barriers of the body prevent the entry of opportunistic pathogens into the…
Q: Identify adaptations that have contributed to pathogen success.
A: Introduction :- Plant and animal diseases can be infectious or non-infectious. We'll concentrate on…
Q: Detail the key differences between lytic and nonlytic viral infection and provide an example of…
A: Phages are viruses that infect bacterial cells.
Q: Explain clearly why a bacterial infection typically proceeds more slowly than a viral infection?
A: A virus infection could be a proliferation of a harmful virus within your body. Viruses cannot…
Q: Are bacterial growth and infection in the host necessary forthe production of toxins? Explain and…
A: Any infection to take place in the host's body comes with the fact that the pathogen should be…
Q: What is the normal bacterial flora? What is its role in defense?
A: Introduction :- A population of bacteria that lives on or in the body and has a special ecological…
Q: Describe how antiviral agents act against infection.
A: A drug is any chemical substance that alters the physiology or psychology of an organism when eaten.…
Q: Describe the differences among the portals of entry, and giveexamples of pathogens that invade by…
A: Infections are caused by the pathogen or infectious particles when they enter into the host…
Q: Explain the process of Quorum Sensing in coordinating the production of virulence factors in a host.
A: Quorum Sensing is a process of communication between two cells through which bacteria are able to…
Q: Explain the mechanism of microbial pathogenicity starting on how they enter their host up to how…
A: The pathogen is a sort of infectious bacterium that causes disease in the host after it enters the…
Q: Differentiate among lytic infection, latent infection, chronic infection,and transformation.
A: Viruses are minute particles that are made up of only their genetic material which may be DNA or RNA…
Q: Explain the four steps in a lytic phage infection.
A: Bacteriophage is a bacteria-eating virus. A bacteriophage's structure is similar to that of a…
Describe several specific adhesins by which bacterial pathogens attach to host cells
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Pathogenic infections induce damage to the host by a variety of mechanisms. While many mechanisms are direct effects of the pathogen, some damaging mechanisms result from the immune response to the infection. Examples of damage caused by the host immune response are: a) Exotoxin production, endotoxin b) Cell-mediated inmunity, direct cytopathic effect c) Endotoxin, inmmunune complexes d) Direct cythopathic effect, endotoxin e) Cell-mediated inmunity, inmmunune complexesDescribe the mechanism by which PrP is infectious.Explain the process of Quorum Sensing in coordinating the production of virulence factors in a host.
- Explain the four steps in a lytic phage infection.The main effect of staphylococcal protein A is toa) interfere with phagocytosis.b) enhance the attachment of the Fc portion of antibody to phagocytes.c) coagulate plasma.d) kill white blood cells.e) degrade collagen.Give an example of preventing infection for each element of the infection chain ?
- Describe the four steps in a lytic phage infection.What role do the host cells proteases play in infection, i.e., in viruses gainging access to the host cells cytoplasm?Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT: Question 3 options: A) they produce antibacterial chemicals. B) they compete with pathogens for nutrients. C) they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria. D) they produce lysozyme.
- Describe several components of pathogens that are involved inmicrobial adhesion.Which of the following virulence factors among A-D is correctly matched with its definition or characterization? A) O Invasins: pathogen proteins that prevent opsonization of the pathogen B) O Phase variation: allows pathogen to switch between different forms of an extracellular antigen (e.g., flagellum) C) O Protein A. a microbial factor that allows for attachment, typically a surface protein or surface glycoprotein D) O Prevention of lysosome:phagosome fusion mechanism employed by an extracellular pathogen E) OM protein, Opa protein: enzymes that interfere with the functioning of antibodiesMatch the PAMP to the type of pathogen it is specific to. 1) Peptidoglycan 2) Lipopolysaccharides 3) RNA 4) DNA Here is the options: a) Gram-negative bacteria b) Viruses c) Gram-positive bacteria