Describe how teratogenic agents cause the deformity of the embryo and give specific example. 2. Explain how Hox genes expression are correlated with the limbless phenotypes of snakes? Provide example to support your claim.
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- What are morphogens, exactly? Explain how they affect the patterning of tissue throughout embryonic development. Give 4 concrete instances to back up your claims.1. Mentions the contraindications of tail docking surgery in adult dogs and newborn puppies. 2. Mentions the contraindications of Dewclaw Removal surgery in adult dogs and newborn puppies.1. During the formation of the limb bud, the components of the zeugopodium develop in the presence of: a. High concentrations of Fgf and low concentrations of Gli b. High expression of Hox genes 9 and 10 c. High expression of Hox genes 10 and 11 d. Intermediate concentrations of Retinoic Acid and Wnt e. Low concentrations of Retinoic Acid and Fgf f. a and b g. a and c h. c and d i. b and e
- 2. The images below show embryos of different species at different stages of development. Label the images below with 1-4 from least developed to most developed. A D 1. Which image above do you think is a human? Explain. 3. At what stage of embryo development should the pregnant mother take most precaution? 4. Explain : 5. List some substances that a pregnant woman should avoid.4. a. Briefly explain how the mutation in one gene can trigger a cascade of genetic impacts in the embryonic development. b. In one sentence explain why this type of mutations only affect the offspring of the mutant female and not the mutant female herself.--------------- A. Answer the following questions briefly (3-5 sentences only).1. How are the three axes for symmetry in the animal bodies established?2. Explain how the different germ layers give rise to different tissue types.3. Explain the role of axis formation in development B. write down the autapomorphic traits for the c3, c4, CAM plants and include their distinct environments Link: https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-ecology-of-photosynthetic-pathways-15785165/
- Describe the differences between invasive placental implantation for species such as the cat and humans compared with non-invasive species such as sheep and horses.1. At which stage in development would a cell's gene expression not be altered between cell types? a) pre-gastrulation b. All of these are correct c. blasula d. post-fertilization e. zygote 2. Dihybrid crosses: In dogs, black coat color(B) is dominant to yellow coat fur (b), and straight fur (F) is dominant to curly fur (f). The coat color gene and the fur texture gene are on different chromosomes, so they assort independently, and are not sex linkied. Determine the ratio of having a yellow dog with straight hair if the parents are: BbFF x Bbff a. What are the phenotype of the parents? b. Complete a punnet square. List all the genotypes of the predicted offsprin of this mating c. Based on your Punnet sqaure, list all the genotypes for offspring that would yield a dog with yellow straigh hair d. Based on the punnet square, what is the predicted phenotypic ratio for those parents having a dog with black curly hair.10. Researchers have discovered a new compound that is a candidate for birth control. Its proposed mechanism is to be a progesterone receptor agonist meaning that it binds and activates receptors that would normally recognize progesterone. Researchers are interested in understanding the efficacy of the new compound, in other words, how well does its progesterone receptor agonist activity prevent the possibility of pregnancy. Assume that we are working in a rodent model system (mouse or rat) and propose a research design to test the efficacy of this compound. This design needs to address the proposed mechanism that this compound is a progesterone receptor agonist. Include a description of the variables in the experiment, the treatment groups, the procedure to detect the efficacy of the proposed mechanism, and an explanation of the results that would be required to confirm the efficacy of this compound for birth control. D. Focus 五
- 2. Compare and contrast gametogenesis of sperm and eggs in mammals. In your comparison, describe three similarities and three 3. Compare and contrast external versus internal fertilization. Describe at least three major differences. 4. What is meant by 'sperm competition'? What is 'second male advantage'? Describe the case study of Drosophila melanogaster in your text. 5. Describe the difference between oviparous, viviparous, and ovoviviparous. What evolutionary pressures would favor one form over the other? 6. Use your text to identify all the structures in the figures below. Also provide a brief description of each structures function. male reproduction anatomy 7. female reproductive anatomyWhy is the timing of exposure so important when evaluating the risk of exposure to teratogens? Is there ever a time after conception that teratogens cannot affect the unborn offspring? How/Why might the COVID-19 quarantine have caused an increase in complaints of eye strain as well as neck and back pain?4. Briefly explain how the mutation in one gene can trigger a cascade of genetic impacts in the embryonic development. 5. In one sentence explain why this type of mutations only affect the offspring of the mutant female and not the mutant female herself.