Define Explain the role of CDK inhibitors. If cyclin-CDK com-plexes are necessary to allow regulated progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle, what would be the physiologicalrationale for CDK inhibitors?

Q: What inhibit CDK activity by bindingdirectly to the cyclin-CDK complex.

A: A cyclin-dependent kinase complex or CDKC or cyclin-CDK is formed by the interaction of a regulatory…

Q: Describe the consequences of ER-lumenal accumulation of damaged or misfolded proteins in a…

A: The endoplasmic reticulum is considered to be the main site for protein synthesis. Maturation of…

Q: PYK gene codes for the expression of pyruvate kinase, which is one of the enzymes targeted for…

A: Pyruvate kinase is the final enzyme in the glycolytic pathway which ultimately forms  pyruvate from…

Q: Match the following proteins to their functions ✓ Cathepsins ✓ Calpains ✓ Granzyme B ✓ Apoptosis…

A: Introduction A rectilinear chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds constitutes a protein.…

Q: What is cyclin-CDK complexes

A: Cell cycle regulation is important without cues to grow or to stop growing. Cells would either…

Q: Why doesn't Cdk1 active immediately upon binding to cyclin B? What other components of the cell’s…

A: It includes cell division, replication and growth. All these processes should be carried out in a…

Q: Now read this abstract from a 2013 journal article What is the authors' explanation of how Gal80p…

A: In the present system, GAL genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are regulated by the combined action of…

Q: The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene Rb (RB1) codes forthe retinoblastoma protein (pRB). pRB…

A: Retinoblastoma is a tumor suppressor gene during cancer progression, loss of function of tumor…

Q: Predict the outcome of the following hypothetical experiments and be sure to explain and be rational…

A: Three fictitious studies are given, all of which include medication treatments or molecular changes…

Q: Define SCF-proteasomedegrades phosphorylatedS phase CDK inhibitor

A: Misregulation of any aspect of the cell cycle may lead to developmental defects and diseases such as…

Q: Please explain in detail why is BCL-2 a suppressor of apoptosis

A: Bcl-2: a. It is the first apoptotic gene to be cloned and isolated from human follicular lymphomas.…

Q: in a fat cell what is the result of activation of genes by PPAR gamma/activator proteins binding?…

A: Peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor(PPAR) gamma is a  nuclear receptor of subfamily 1,group…

Q: APC is a ubiquitin ligase activated by M-cyclin Cdk What is the function of APC when bound to…

A: An integral regulator of cell division that is encoded by the CDC20 gene in humans is the cell…

Q: True or false If cells were treated with a weak base such as ammonia or chloroquine, which raises…

A: False

Q: Define about Several types of cellular stress events bring about rapidincreases in the nuclear…

A: The p53 is also known as the guardian of the genome. It is a tumor suppressor gene. The function of…

Q: A mutated form of protein p5x is found in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. In vitro studies…

A: A gene that produces a protein that is essential for regulating cell division and death and is…

Q: GAP protien mutation from Arg 789 to alanine constituvely activate the MAPK pathway by preventing…

A: Cell growth and cell division are essential for the development of an organism. A cell before any…

Q: Describe the ATM-p53 repair pathway in normal cells and cancerous cells

A: Apoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanism of cell death, which is important for the…

Q: Explain the role/importance of the localization of  GTPase-activating protein (Ran-GAP)  in BOTH…

A: The Ran protein is a member of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. Ran regulates nucleocytoplasmic…

Q: Using specific molecular evidence, elaborate on the remark "oocyte activation entails inactivation."

A: Egg activation refers to the early events that occur at fertilization and that start the development…

Q: Cultured cells were treated with a compound in early Gap 1 (G₁) phase resulting to arrest before…

A: The objective of the question is to identify the most plausible mechanism of cell cycle arrest in…

Q: Explain the use of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases(CDKs) ?

A: Cyclins are cellular elements that drive or regulate the events of the cell cycle by combining with…

Q: Why is it advantageous for p53 to be activated by factorssuch as ER stress, UV light, and hypoxia…

A: The p53 is known as tumor protein formed from the TP53 gene. The protein acts as a tumor suppressor…

Q: Scientists have identified overexpression of Na+/K+ ATPases in several types of cancers plorectal…

A: It is given that we have to design a drug which is preventing the overexpression of the Na+/K+…

Q: ulate the cell cycle called tumar supressors

A: Tumor suppressor genes can be defined as the normal genes that affect the process of cell division…

Q: Would the function of KRAS gene be lost or gained in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer derived cells? Please…

A: KRAS gene is a gene present on the short arm of chromosome 12 that is responsible for the formation…

Q: Explain how the specializations for M-phase function prevents the activities of Interphase,…

A: The cell cycle starts with resting (G0) phase. Then proceeding to interphase (G1 phase, S phase, G2…

Q: The balance between plus-end-directed and minus-end- directed motor proteins that bind to interpolar…

A: Microtubules are the rigid rod like structure which is hollow inside which helps in maintaining the…

Q: What is UPR? What is the downstream impact of UPR activation in an eucaryotic cell?

A: UPR stands for unfolded protein response. It is an intracellular signal transduction pathway that…

Q: Briefly describe how the cyclin D-cdk4/6 and cyclin E-cdk2 complexes regulate Retinoblastoma protein…

A: Retinoblastoma is the disease occurring in the retina of the eyes. This is basically eye cancer…

Q: Which are the events causing loss-of-heterozygosity in somatic cells of RB+/RB− individuals?

A: The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material that is inherited by the progeny from the…

Q: Gleevec was described in Video 2.5 as a drug targeting the BCR-ABL fusion protein, an abnormal…

A: This phenomenon is a common challenge in cancer therapy. This highlights the need for ongoing…

Q: How does each of these small GTP-binding proteins contribute to the regulation of cell migration?

A: GTP bonding protein also known as G protein.G protein is present in eukaryotic and classifieds into…

Q: which set of cells has a functional APC/C – those treated with siCon or those treated with siBRCA1?…

A: By designating particular proteins for degradation, the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)…

Q: Suggest a mechanism by which ARF leads to p53 build-up.

A: p53 protein gets activated when there is a damage in  DNA sequence which can be induced by any other…

Q: 15.3 Explain the fellovine diaeram: prospective nuclear protein nuclear Ran HYDROLYZES ITS BOUND…

A: Since we only answer 1 question in case of multiple question, we’ll answer the first question as the…

Q: How does the activity of human p53 get regulated through the interaction of the transactivation…

A: p53 is basically a transcription factor that helps in suppressing the growth of the tumor. This…

Q: What is the effect of having fluctuating cyclin levels throughout the cell cycle, while the levels…

A: Cell cycle  It is a series of events in which cell duplicate it's organelles and divide.

Q: The enzyme Ste11 participates in several distinct MAP kinase signaling pathways in the budding yeast…

A: Ste11 is the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The MAPK cascades is involve in mating, high…

Q: Describe an experiment that shows if early mouse embryo inner cell mass cells containing…

A: An experiment that demonstrates whether the inner cell mass of an early-stage mouse embryo contains…

Q: Rather surprisingly, some cellular components that we know best from our study of nuclear protein…

A: Nuclear protein import is a selective process where all nuclear proteins are cytoplasm-synthesized…

Q: Using M cyclin-Cdk as a specific model describe the different ways it can be activated or…

A: The mitotic (M) phase comprises of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is the process of cell division…

Q: Under normal physiological conditions, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors help control cell…

A: A significant contrast among the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is that oncogenes result from…