Contribution margin ratio (percent) % % Unit contribution margin $ $ Break-even sales (units) Break-even sales (dollars) $ $
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Cost Volume Profit (CVP) analysis is a cost accounting method that analyses the effect of fluctuating cost and volume on the operating profit. Also known as break-even analysis, CVP determines the break-even point for varying volumes of sales and cost structures. This information helps the managers make economic decisions on a short-term basis. CVP analysis is based on many assumptions. Sales price, variable costs, and fixed costs per unit are assumed to be constant. The analysis also assumes that all units produced are sold and costs get impacted due to changes in activities. All costs incurred by the company like administrative, manufacturing, and selling costs are identified as either fixed or variable.
Marginal Costing
Marginal cost is defined as the change in the total cost which takes place when one additional unit of a product is manufactured. The marginal cost is influenced only by the variations which generally occur in the variable costs because the fixed costs remain the same irrespective of the output produced. The concept of marginal cost is used for product pricing when the customers want the lowest possible price for a certain number of orders. There is no accounting entry for marginal cost and it is only used by the management for taking effective decisions.
Contribution Margin
Review the contribution margin income statements for Cover-to-Cover Company and Biblio Files Company on their respective Income Statements. Complete the following table from the data provided on the income statements. Each company sold 81,800 units during the year.
| Cover-to-Cover Company |
Biblio Files Company |
|
| Contribution margin ratio (percent) | % | % |
| Unit contribution margin | $ | $ |
| Break-even sales (units) | ||
| Break-even sales (dollars) | $ | $ |
Review the definitions of contribution margin ratio and unit contribution margin. Also review the formulas for break-even in terms of units sold and sales dollars.
Income Statement - Cover-to-Cover
| Cover-to-Cover Company Contribution Margin Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 20Y8 |
||
| Sales | $409,000 | |
| Variable costs: | ||
| Manufacturing expense | $245,400 | |
| Selling expense | 20,450 | |
| Administrative expense | 61,350 | (327,200) |
| Contribution margin | $81,800 | |
| Fixed costs: | ||
| Manufacturing expense | $5,000 | |
| Selling expense | 4,000 | |
| Administrative expense | 11,450 | (20,450) |
| Operating income | $61,350 |
Income Statement - Biblio Files
| Biblio Files Company Contribution Margin Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 20Y8 |
||
| Sales | $409,000 | |
| Variable costs: | ||
| Manufacturing expense | $163,600 | |
| Selling expense | 16,360 | |
| Administrative expense | 65,440 | (245,400) |
| Contribution margin | $163,600 | |
| Fixed costs: | ||
| Manufacturing expense | $84,250 | |
| Selling expense | 8,000 | |
| Administrative expense | 10,000 | (102,250) |
| Operating income | $61,350 |
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