Consider the mechanics of breathing during quiet breathing. Name the TWO inspiratory muscles. State the changes in the intrapleural pressure (Pip) and the lungs’ volume during inhalation. How can air go into the lungs during inhalation?

The presence of either protein or glucose in a urinalysis is abnormal, but these two molecules end up in the urine for different reasons. For each of these molecules, briefly describe where in the urine production process (i.e., glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption or tubular secretion) the problem occurs, and why it might happen.

During inhalation:     The diaphragm contracts and the external intercostals contract making the volume of the thoracic cavity larger.     The diaphragm and the external intercostals relax making the volume of the thoracic cavity larger     The diaphragm relaxes and the external intercostals contract making the volume of the thoracic cavity smaller     The diaphragm relaxes and the internal intercostals contract making the volume of the thoracic cavity smaller

Define respiratory compliance and identify the factors that affect it. Name and define the eight measurable pulmonary volumes and capacities.

Atmospheric pressure is less than Sam's alveolar pressure. Which of the following is TRUE? Sam's intrapleural pressure is decreasing. Sam's diaphragm is relaxed. Sam is inhaling.

Under conditions where normal breathing isn’t sufficient, other muscles will assist the diaphragm in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity. A muscle that increases the volume of the thoracic cavity will cause pressure to (↑/↓) which means that it is helping with forced (inspiration/expiration). A muscle that decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity will cause pressure to (↑/↓) which means that it is helping with forced (inspiration/expiration).

Describe inhalation and exhalation.  Be sure to include discussions of what triggers them and the role of muscles in effecting these actions. You should also discuss the volume and pressure changes that occur during inhalation and exhalation.

Ventilation: Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors located?

Describe the actions that occur during an inhalation and an exhalation.

After identifying the conducting and respiratory zones, discuss the differences between internal and external respiration in terms of location and pressures that control their mechanisms.