Consider the following statement in reference to SN1, SN2, E1, and E2 reactions of haloalkanes. To which mechanism(s), if any, does the statement apply? Substitution at a stereocenter gives predominantly a racemic product
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Consider the following statement in reference to SN1, SN2, E1, and E2 reactions of
- Substitution at a stereocenter gives predominantly a racemic product
Given statement: Substitution at a stereo center gives predominantly a racemic product.
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- Provide the E2 mechanism for β-elimination reactionemploying 2-chloro-2-methylbutane to prepare 2-methyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-1-butene reaction. Use the actual structures of thereactants and products. Explain which of the alkenes is the major product ofthis reaction ?Elimination of HBr from 2-bromobutane affords a mixture of but-1-ene and but-2-ene. With sodium ethoxide as base, but2-ene constitutes 81% of the alkene products, but with potassium tert-butoxide, but-2-ene constitutes only 67% of the alkene products. Offer an explanation for this difference.Alkynes do not react directly with aqueous acid as do alkenes, but will do so in the presence of mercury(II) sulfate as a Lewis acid catalyst. The reaction occurs with Markovnikov regiochemistry, so the OH group adds to the more highly substituted carbon and the H adds to the less highly substituted carbon. The initial product of the reaction is a vinyl alcohol, also called an enol. The enol immediately rearranges to a more stable ketone via tautomerization. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions -X티 Hö: H-O -CH3 -CH3 H30*
- Draw the organic product obtained on treatment of each of the following two alkenes with bromine: (a) trans-2-pentene and (b) 1- methylcyclohexene. Having done this, draw the product of the reaction of these same alkenes with bromine in aqueous solution.(c) Hydrolysis of the haloalkane shown below results in the formation of two alcohols B and C that are stereoisomers of each other. Give the structures of the alcohols B and C and propose a mechanism for their formation ensuring that you explain the stereochemical outcome observed. H3CH2C CH3 H20, heat Br H. B + CDetermine all of the products obtained from the addition of HCl to the 1,3-diene. Once determined, draw a mechanism that accounts for the formation of every product. Then, Identify and account for the formation of the major adduct/or adducts under these conditions assuming that the reaction is conducted under thermodynamic conditions.
- When butane reacts with Br₂ in the presence of Cl₂, both brominated and chlorinated products are obtained. Under such conditions, the usual selectivity of bromination is not observed. In other words, the ratio of 2-bromobutane to 1-bromobutane is very similar to the ratio of 2-chlorobutane to 1-chlorobutane. Can you offer and explanation as to why we do not observe the normal selectivity expected for bromination? Chlorine radicals perform the first propagation step (hydrogen abstraction) comparison to bromine radicals. Under these conditions in radicals form easily in the presence of chlorine radicals. Subsequently, the resulting radicals can react with bromine in a second propagation step to yield monobrominated products.(c) Hydrolysis of the haloalkane shown below results in the formation of two alcohols B and C that are stereoisomers of each other. Give the structures of the alcohols B and C and propose a mechanism for their formation ensuring that you explain the stereochemical outcome observed. H3CH2C CH3 H20, heat Br B + CBoth p-chloronitrobenzene (1) and p-chloroanisole (2) react with sodium ethoxide in ethanol, however one substrate requires much stronger heating than the other. Also, two substitution products are obtained from one of the substrates whereas only one substitution product is obtained from the other. Explain these facts mechanistically. O₂N 1 > CI CH3O 2 > CI
- Hydroboration of the following bicycloalkene followed by oxidation in alkaline hydroperoxide is both stereoselective and regioselective. The product is a single alcohol in better than 95% yield.Propose a structural formula for this alcohol and account for the stereo- and regio- selectivity of its formation. Hint: Examine a molecular model of this alkene and see if you can determine which face of the double bond is more accessible to hydroboration.The reaction of (S)-2-bromopentane with potassium cyanide to yield 2-methylpentanenitrile (2-cyanopentane) occurs via a nucleophilic substitution pathway. The reaction is 100% stereospecific. Please explain in complete words what this observation tells you about the mechanism of the reaction.The nitro groups on the benzene ring in the reactant serve two purposes.One is to let you know what atoms in the reactant correspond to what atomsin the product. But what role do the nitro groups play electronically – whywould the reaction be much slower if these nitro groups weren’t attached tothose benzene carbons? Draw any relevant structures to support youranswer.