General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305580343
Author: Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; Darrell
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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- Adenosine triphosphate, ATP, is used as a free-energy source by biological cells. (See the essay on page 624.) ATP hydrolyzes in the presence of enzymes to give ADP: ATP(aq)+H2O(l)ADP(aq)+H2PO4(aq);G=30.5kJ/molat25C Consider a hypothetical biochemical reaction of molecule A to give molecule B: A(aq)B(aq);G=+15.0kJ/molat25C Calculate the ratio [B]/[A] at 25C at equilibrium. Now consider this reaction coupled to the reaction for the hydrolysis of ATP: A(aq)+ATP(aq)+H2O(l)B(aq)+ADP(aq)+H2PO4(aq) If a cell maintains a high ratio of ATP to ADP and H2PO4 by continuously making ATP, the conversion of A to B can be made highly spontaneous. A characteristic value of this ratio is [ATP][ADP][H2PO4]=500 Calculate the ratio [B][A] in this case and compare it with the uncoupled reaction. Compared with the uncoupled reaction, how much larger is this ratio when coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP?arrow_forward1. A process is spontaneous in the direction that moves it away from equilibrium toward equilibriumarrow_forwardOrgan pipes in unheated churches develop tin disease, in which white tin is converted to gray tin. Given white Sm: H f =0.00 kJ/mol; S =51.55 J/mol K gray Sn: H f =2.09 kJ/mol; S =44.14 J/mol K calculate the equilibrium temperature for the transition.arrow_forward
- Given the following data at a certain temperature, 2N2(g)+O2(g)2N2O(g)K=1.2 10 35 N2O4(g)2NO2(g)K=4.6 10 3 12 N2(g)+O2(g)NO2(g)K=4.1 10 9 calculate K for the reaction between one mole of dinitrogen oxide gas and oxygen gas to give dinitrogen tetroxide gas.arrow_forwardConsider the following hypothetical reactions and their equilibrium constants at 75C, 3A(g)3B(g)+2C(g)K1=0.31 3D(g)+2B(g)2C(g)K1=2.8 Find the equilibrium constant at 75C for the following reaction A(g)D(g)+53B(g)arrow_forward12.108 A nuclear engineer is considering the effect of discharging waste heat from a power plant into a lake and estimates that this may warm the water locally to 25 °C. One question to be considered is the effect of this temperature change on the uptake of CO2 by the water. The equilibrium constant for the reaction CO2+H2OH2CO3 ; is K=1.7103 at 25 °C. Because bonds form, the reaction is exothermic. (a) Will this reaction progress further toward products at higher temperatures near the water discharge with its warmer water than it would in the cooler lake water? Explain your reasoning. (b) Carbonic acid has a Kaof 2.5104 at 25 °C. What is the equilibrium constant for the CO2+2H2OHCO3+H3O+? (c) What additional factor should the engineer be considering about CO2 gas, probably before considering this reaction chemistry?arrow_forward
- For each reaction, an equilibrium constant at 298 K is given. Calculate G for each reaction. (a) Br2()+ H2(g)2HBr(g) KP = 4.4 1018 (b) H2O()H2O(g) KP = 3.17 102 (c) N2(g) +3H2(g)2NH3(g) Kc = 3.5 108arrow_forwardAt 627C, K=0.76 for the reaction 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) Calculate K at 627C for (a) the synthesis of one mole of sulfur trioxide gas. (b) the decomposition of two moles of SO3.arrow_forwardFor each reaction, an equilibrium constant at 298 K is given. Calculate G for each reaction. (a) H+(aq) + OH-(aq)H2O Kc = 1.0 1014 (b) CaSO4(s)Ca2+(aq) + SO42 (aq) Kc = 7.1 105 (c) HIO3(aq)H+(aq) + IO3 (aq) Kc = 1.7 101arrow_forward
- Given the following data at 25C 2NO(g)N2(g)+O2(g)K=1 10 30 2NO(g)+Br2(g)2NOBr(g)K=8 101 Calculate K for the formation of one mole of NOBr from its elements in the gaseous state.arrow_forwardWhat is the approximate value of the equilibrium constant KP for the change C2H5OC2H5(l)C2H5OC2H5(g) at 25 C. {Vapor pressure was described in the previous Chapter on liquids and solids; refer back to this chapter to find the relevant information needed to solve this problem.)arrow_forwardAt 1 atm and 25 C, NO2 with an initial concentration of 1.00 M is 3.3103 decomposed into NO and O2. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction. 2NO2(g)2NO(g)+O2(g)arrow_forward
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