Consequently, power supply and heat dissipation are two other constraints that must be taken into account by the systems that make use of them. Could you please list a few of the possible causes of this phenomenon?

(I) Briefly define Stopping power. (II) Briefly define Linear energy transfer. (III) For which type of particles would the Stopping power and Liner energy transfer be comparable (i.e., similar)? Briefly explain why they are comparable. (IV) For which type of particles would the Stopping power and Liner energy transfer be significantly different? Briefly explain why they are not comparable.

Explain the concept of a smart grid and its potential benefits for modern power systems.

What percentage of the energy used in the United States is unnecessarily wasted? Briefly describe two widely used energy-inefficient technologies. What are the major benefits of improving energy efficiency?