Concentration is measured by molarity (M), or moles per liter. Brackets are also used to symbolize molarity. For example, if 0.6 moles of HNO3 are dissolved in a liter of water, you would say [HNO3] = 0.6 M. Because HNO3 is a strong acid, it dissociates almost completely in water. That means the concentration of H+ is very nearly equal to that of HNO3. What is [H+] if [HNO3] is 0.01 M? The pH of a solution is equal to the negative log of H+ concentration: pH = –log[H+] What is the pH of this solution? What is the pH of a 0.6 M HNO3 solution?
States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
Concentration is measured by molarity (M), or moles per liter. Brackets are also used to symbolize molarity. For example, if 0.6 moles of HNO3 are dissolved in a liter of water, you would say [HNO3] = 0.6 M.
- Because HNO3 is a strong acid, it dissociates almost completely in water. That means the concentration of H+ is very nearly equal to that of HNO3.
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What is [H+] if [HNO3] is 0.01 M? |
- The pH of a solution is equal to the negative log of H+ concentration: pH = –log[H+]
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What is the pH of this solution? |
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