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If two hosts start communicating using TCP Reno (with fast retransmit and fast recovery). Answer the following:
a) What would be the size of the congestion window and the congestion threshold after the 9th RTT if the congestion threshold was initially = 4 MSS and no duplicate Acknowledgement or timeout have been observed during the first 9 RTT.
b) If at the 10th RTT, the sender observed duplicate Acknowledgment, what would be the size of the congestion window and the congestion threshold in the next RTT? (the 11th RTT). What congestion control phase would the sender enter next?
c) From the 11th RTT to the 18th all the segments that were sent had been acknowledged correctly. But at the 19th RTT, the sender observed a timeout before it received any acknowledgement. What would be the size of the congestion window and the congestion threshold in the next RTT? (the 20th RTT). What congestion control phase
would the sender enter next?
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- True or False 1. After fast retransmit is invoked, fast recovery cuts the slow start period in half 2. A host sends a segment with a sequence number 35 and a payload of 5 Bytes. The ACK number in that segment is 40 3. TCP segments can only be lost when router queues overflow. Please explain if possible， Thank you!arrow_forwardConsider a simple congestion-control algorithm that uses linear increase and multiplicative decrease but not slow start, that works in units of packets rather than bytes, and that starts each connection with a congestion window equal to one packet. Give a detailed sketch of this algorithm. Assume the delay is latency only and that when a group of packets is sent only a single ACK is returned. Plot the congestion window as a function of round-trip times for the situation in which the following packets are lost: 9, 25, 30, 38, and 50. For simplicity, assume a perfect timeout mechanism that detects a lost packet exactly 1 RTT after it is transmitted.arrow_forwardTo ensure the quality of service, especially for multiple applications, regulating the rate at which packets are sent to the network is an important strategy. The leaky bucket is just one of such mechanisms. A flow of packets is said to conform to the leaky bucket specification (r, b), where r is the average rate and b is the burst rate, if the number of packets arriving at the leaky bucket is less than r*t + b in every time interval of t. What is the implication of that? What will happen if the number of packets arriving at the leaky bucket is equal to or greater than r*t + b?arrow_forward
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