Compare the anatomy and chemical communication of the somatic motor, parasympathetic, and sympathetic divisions.

Exercise Exercise places demands on the body. Cells require extra energy and water is lost through sweating.  The breathing rate and heart rate increases during exercise to deliver more glucose and oxygen to cells which are converted to ATP through cellular respiration.   Identify three hormones that are involved in re-establishing homeostasis after an intense workout and explain why they are involved.

For both T1DM and T2DM, describe the following:   Causes Symptoms Treatments Glucose levels Insulin levels Insulin receptor sensitivity     Also please discuss the cause/effect relationship between acute and chronic stress (chronic disease or homelessness, for instance) and T1DM and T2DM. What is the mechanism by which the nervous system impacts stress hormones? Are there neurotransmitters involved? Which neurotransmitters? Which stress hormones?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are chemicals that act as both neurotransmitters and hormones. Describe where they are released from, what organs they target and how they play a role in the sympathetic nervous system.

Normally, when blood glucose level increases (e.g. after a meal), the islet cells in the pancreas secrete insulin. When insulin molecules bind to insulin receptors on the surface of a muscle cell, the receptors become activated, initiating a signaling pathway which eventually results in the increase in the number of passive glucose transporter on the muscle cell surface thus increases the uptake of glucose into the cell and decrease blood glucose level. Indicate whether the following conditions/practice will likely lead to diabetes (mark Yes or No). [Select] degeneration of islet cells [Select] [Select] [Select] a mutation in the insulin receptor that increases its kinase activity ✓ exercise a mutation in the insulin receptor that prevents dimerization

The hormone mechanism which results in the release of intracellular Ca++ is the: 2nd messenger – adenylate cyclase mechanism PIP 2nd messenger mechanism O humoral mechanism Steroid hormone mechanism

Explain the nature of a tropic hormone.

During a sympathetic nervous system response to an event, your heart rate increases, indicating the part of the heart responsible for controlling heart rate (the sinoatrial node) is innervated by sympathetic nerves. The SA node is also responsive to epinephrine,a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla. Explain why the onset of the effect of the hormone is so much slower than the onset of the effect from sympathetic nerve stimulation and yet the effect of the hormone lasts much longer than the effect of nerve stimulation.

Compare and contrast formulation of long acting insulin and short acting insulin. How do their properties help control the rate at which the Delivered insulin enters bloodstream?

Feedback loops regulate the release of hormones in either a positive or negative loop. Consider this example: The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the pituitary to release the TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). TSH then stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone. When elevated levels of thyroid hormone are detected by the hypothalamus and pituitary further release of TRH and TSH is suppressed. b. What would happen to the levels of TRH and TSH if a tumor of the thyroid gland were discovered resulting in uncontrolled release of the thyroid hormone from the tumor itself? * Your answer (LENGHT DOESN'T MATTER, I NEED IT ASASP PLEASE)