Compare and contrast the most common infections in individuals with defects in cell-mediated immune response and those with defects in humoral immune response.
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Compare and contrast the most common infections in individuals with defects in cell-mediated immune response and those with defects in humoral immune response.
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- Innate lymphoid cells reside primarily in tissues such as the lungs, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin, because these sites represent the major routes of entry of pathogens into the body. Several different subsets of innate lymphoid cells exist, and each is specialized to respond to a category of pathogen (e.g., viruses, extracellular bacteria, helminthic parasites, etc). a) True b) FalseList the systemic responses to infection or injury and the mediators responsible for themDescribe how phagocytes recognize foreign cells. Explain the mechanism phagocytes use to kill engulfed cells. List some ways pathogens avoid the consequences of phagocytosis. Describe the cause, advantages and disadvantages of fever. Define complement and its role in host defense
- What are the differences between humoral and cellular immunitie?. Also, identify and explain the different types of humoral immunity.In the table below, identify the type of acquired immunity represented in each of the cases described. Use the information in the figure below to answer this question. Case A 3 C D Case Someone has recovered from an infection with measles virus and is now immune to the virus. Someone is vaccinated against poliovirus A newborn is immune to a disease that his mother had recovered from earlier. A patient is injected with immune serum to protect her against hepatitis B virus. Naturally acquired Adaptive immunity Type of Acquired Immunity Artificially acquiredi) True or False : Antibodies attach firmly to an antigenic determinant called an epitope.ii) True or False: Band T-cells are the components of the adaptive immune system.iii) True or False: Swelling, redness, and pain of the injured part are due to inflammation of the injured tissue.iv) True or False: Insertion of complement proteins C7, C8, and C9 into the cell membrane of the pathogen is due to the Amphipathic nature of these proteins.v) True or False: During inflammation cells from the adaptive immune systems are mainly recruited towards the site of infection.vi) True or False: Cytokines are released by Macrophages for the killing of the Ag directly.vii) True or False: Macrophages always mature into monocytes at the site of infection.viii) True or False: All components of the Complement systems remain active in the body all the time.ix) True or False: All the factors of the complement system remain active except factor-D due to its substrate specificity for factor-B, bound to…
- Both antibodies and particular complement proteins, such as c3b, are capable of aiding phagocytes in attaching to bacteria. What term best describes these? O 1) opsonins O 2) haptens O 3) pyogens O 4) perforinsDraw a figure illustrating the sequence of events in a typical inflammatory response to a bacterial infection caused by injury to the skin (in 3 main stages). Include a note at top of figure: Is this an example of an innate response or adaptive immune response? Include the following structures/cells/chemicals: epidermis, dermis, splinter contaminated with bacteria puncturing skin, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, nitric oxide (as blue dots), endothelial cells lining capillary, red blood cells within capillary, histamine (as green dots). Under each stage, describe the events occurring in the 3 main stages: Stage 1: What do mast cells and endothelial cells produce in initial response to injury? What do the chemicals produced by the cells do? Stage 2: What happens to capillaries? What leaks out of capillaries to enter the site of the wound? Stage 3: What do neutrophils and macrophages do? What happens to capillaries at this point?Strep throat is commonly caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. A common symptom of strep throat is the presence of swollen lymph nodes in the neck. This symptom usually peaks about 2–4 days after the onset of the infection, and is due to: Damage to the pharyngeal epithelium by the bacteria Release of bacterial PAMPs leading to inflammatory cytokine production Trapping and activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes in the lymph nodes of the neck Recruitment of neutrophils to the lymph nodes of the neck Recruitment of circulating macrophages to the lymph nodes of the neck