List the substances BaCl₂, H₂, CO, HF, and Ne in order of increasing normal boiling point. Solution (a) BaCl₂-IONIC substance: strongest intermolecular force. High normal b.p. H₂ - Has ONLY LDF intermolecular forces. Its MM = 2.016 g/mol. CO - Has BOTH LDF and dipole-dipole interactions, thus dipolar forces are more predominant. HF - Has BOTH LDF and H-Bonding. Will have quite a high normal b.p. Ne - Has ONLY LDF available. Its AM = 20.180 g/mol. Thus: BaCl₂ has the highest comparative b.p. since it is ionic. When a substance has LDF only, then it is necessary to compare other factors, principally MM, AM, and/or shape. For these small molecules, mass will suffice. Lowest normal b.p. Highest normal b.p. H₂ < Ne HF < BaCl, IDF only (MM decides) < dipole-dipole < H-bond
States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
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