Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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![**Text Transcription for Educational Website**
---
**Chemical Reactions and Enzyme Activity**
**Chemical Equations:**
1. **Reduction of Acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO):**
\[
\text{CH}_3\text{CHO} + 2\text{H}^+ + 2\text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}, \quad \text{with } E^\circ_{\text{CH}_3\text{CHO}} = -0.19 \, \text{V}
\]
2. **Reduction of NAD⁺:**
\[
\text{NAD}^+ + \text{H}^+ + 2\text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{NADH}, \quad \text{with } E^\circ_{\text{NAD}^+} = -0.32 \, \text{V}
\]
**Questions:**
1. If acetaldehyde (\(\text{CH}_3\text{CHO}\)) and ethanol (\(\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}\)) are mixed in the presence of \(\text{NAD}^+\) and \(\text{NADH}\), a chemical reaction starts. Use the information above to determine the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction that occurs spontaneously. Explain how you know that your reaction proceeds spontaneously in the direction indicated in your chemical equation.
2. In the liver, the enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde. If the reaction is allowed to proceed until equilibrium is established, how would the reaction mixture respond to the addition of the enzyme? Explain your reasoning.
---
**Explanation of Concepts:**
- **Standard Electrode Potential (\(E^\circ\))**: This value indicates the tendency of a species to be reduced. A more negative \(E^\circ\) suggests a weaker tendency to gain electrons.
- **Spontaneity of Reactions**: The reaction with a higher (less negative) \(E^\circ\) value will proceed spontaneously as a reduction in the presence of the other half-reaction.
- **Enzyme Catalysis**: Enzymes can increase the rate of a reaction but do not alter the equilibrium position. At equilibrium,](https://content.bartleby.com/qna-images/question/b7ac6fd8-2751-4eb6-96a2-b067100eb5f4/9ff06aa4-dc71-4ca2-8988-16ca060ba24e/vsj1dyw_processed.png)
Transcribed Image Text:**Text Transcription for Educational Website**
---
**Chemical Reactions and Enzyme Activity**
**Chemical Equations:**
1. **Reduction of Acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO):**
\[
\text{CH}_3\text{CHO} + 2\text{H}^+ + 2\text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}, \quad \text{with } E^\circ_{\text{CH}_3\text{CHO}} = -0.19 \, \text{V}
\]
2. **Reduction of NAD⁺:**
\[
\text{NAD}^+ + \text{H}^+ + 2\text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{NADH}, \quad \text{with } E^\circ_{\text{NAD}^+} = -0.32 \, \text{V}
\]
**Questions:**
1. If acetaldehyde (\(\text{CH}_3\text{CHO}\)) and ethanol (\(\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}\)) are mixed in the presence of \(\text{NAD}^+\) and \(\text{NADH}\), a chemical reaction starts. Use the information above to determine the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction that occurs spontaneously. Explain how you know that your reaction proceeds spontaneously in the direction indicated in your chemical equation.
2. In the liver, the enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde. If the reaction is allowed to proceed until equilibrium is established, how would the reaction mixture respond to the addition of the enzyme? Explain your reasoning.
---
**Explanation of Concepts:**
- **Standard Electrode Potential (\(E^\circ\))**: This value indicates the tendency of a species to be reduced. A more negative \(E^\circ\) suggests a weaker tendency to gain electrons.
- **Spontaneity of Reactions**: The reaction with a higher (less negative) \(E^\circ\) value will proceed spontaneously as a reduction in the presence of the other half-reaction.
- **Enzyme Catalysis**: Enzymes can increase the rate of a reaction but do not alter the equilibrium position. At equilibrium,
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