Cell signaling a. Epinephrine can cause either vasodilation or vasoconstriction, depending on the specific type of adrenergic receptor that it activates. b. Alpha-bungarotoxin is a snake toxin that specifically targets the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. c. Upon activation by insulin, the insulin receptor directly phosphorylates substrate proteins. d. Both a) and b) are correct and c) is incorrect e. Statements a), b) and c) are all correct

Cell signaling a. Epinephrine can cause either vasodilation or vasoconstriction, depending on the specific type of adrenergic receptor that it activates. b. Alpha-bungarotoxin is a snake toxin that specifically targets the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. c. Upon activation by insulin, the insulin receptor directly phosphorylates substrate proteins. d. Both a) and b) are correct and c) is incorrect e. Statements a), b) and c) are all correct

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter4: Principles Of Neural And Hormonal Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 18RE

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Which of the following is not a true statement? A.) steroid and thyroid hormone signaling would be impaired if the plasma level of carrier proteins is not optimal. B.) Steroid and thyroid hormone-receptor complexes form dimers when they bind to the hormone-response elements on DNA C.) Epinephrine uses the adenylate cyclase and the phospholipase C second messenger systems D.) signaling by a peptide hormone would be impaired if a second messenger system is not functional in the target cell E.) signaling by a steroid hormone would be hindered if the adenylated cyclase second messenger system is not functional in the target cell.
Dopamine, epinephrine (or norepinephrine) and histamine are important neurotransmitter agonists. When these ligands interact with their cellular receptors, how do they mainly elicit their responses? Choose the correct answer(s) and explain why. a) Activate adenylyl cyclase directly, leading to increased intracellular cAMP levels b) Activate phospholipase C c)Induce or inhibit synthesis of ligand specific intracellular proteins d) Open or close ligand gated ion channels e) Regulate intracellular second messengers through G-protein-coupled receptors
Beta-blockers are used to treat cardiovascular disorders because they are antagonists at beta-adrenergic receptors. Within the cell this activity will be seen as? OA) Increased signaling via the G₁ protein B) Increased protein kinase A activity Decreased phospholipase C activity D) Decreased cAMP levels E) Increased inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate levels
Explain the role, using diagrams wherever possible, of G protein coupled receptors mediating the following physiological effects. a. Positive inotropic and positive chronotropic effects in the heart b. Vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Activated G proteins can ... a) ... cause ion channels to open or close. b) ... increase the synthesis of cAMP. c) ... activate adenylate cyclase. d) ... increase the activity of IP3.
Define the following terms: a. downregulation b. tropic hormone c. G protein-coupled receptor d. G protein e. cAMP
Endothelins are 21-amino acid vasoconstricting peptides produced primarily in the endothelium. They have an important role in vascular homeostasis. Endothelin activates G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) ETA or ETB on a target cell. Which subunit of heterotrimeric G protein is released when the receptor is activated? a.) gamme b.) beta c.) alpha
1. Ionotropic GABA receptors are ligand-gated Cl channels which open during GABA-ergic signaling. a) Describe how under normal circumstances the opening of these channels leads to an IPSP. Do this in the context of Eci. b) Some cells in the body express a Na*/K+/2Cl cotransporter which pumps Cl- into the ICF. Where these pumps are present, the same GABA receptor is actually excitatory. Again, in the context of Ea describe how the same receptor would be excitatory in cells which actively pump Cl- into the ICF. You do not need to repeat information you provided in part (a)
Signaling molecules interact with cells through specific macromolec- ular receptors. For each of the four receptors identified below, list all characteristics, by number, which accurately describe that receptor. (a) an adrenergic receptor (b) a steroid receptor . (c) the LDL. receptor_ (d) the insulin receptor 1. Located at the cell surface 2. Associated with the protein clathrin 3. Ligand binding stimulates the activity of phospholipase C 4. A transmembrane protein 5. A DNA-binding protein 6. Located in the cell interior 7. Receptor-ligand complex moves to the lysosome 8. Receptor-ligand complex becomes concentrated in the nucleus 9. Receptor activation can inhibit the synthesis of glycogen 10. The hormone-receptor complex activates specific gene tran- scription 11. Internalization decreases the synthesis of cholesterol esters
Which of the following statements is true? Question 2 options: a) All cells will respond to the hormonal signal because hormones are broadcast throughout the body. b) The regulation of inflammatory responses at the site of an infection is an example of paracrine signaling. c) Paracrine signaling involves the secretion of stimuli into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the organism. d) The axons of neurons typically signal target cells using membrane-bound signaling molecules that act on receptors in the target cells.
3. Steroid hormone calcitriol activates an intake of dietary calcium, increasing the amount of Ca2 transport proteins in the gut cells. Explain the calcitriol mechanisms of action. For that: a) draw a general scheme of a signal transduction by steroid hormones and explain the process; b) name the molecules, which synthesis is activated by a hormone in the nucleus of a target cell; c) explain the function of these molecules in the cytoplasm of the target cell.
Please identify the incorrect statement about hormone signaling: A) Cystolic receptors bind to hydophobic hormones and transport them into the nucleus where they directly influence protein synthesis. B) Hydropholic hormones cannot pass through the plasma membrane without help. Therefore, there are transport proteins that carry the hydrophillic hormones to the cytosol where it can bind its receptor C) Hydrophilic hormone signalling involves membrane receptors that have the ability to activate adenylyl cyclase, producing cAMP. cAMP then affects the activity of numerous proteins in the cytoplam. D) Hydrophobic hormones easily enter the plasma membrane. Therefore, there is no need for hydrophinic hormone receptors to be on the extracellular surface.