Calf 1 303 166 Calf 2 220 161 Calf 3 110 153 Calf 4 319 190 2022 Calf 5 220 199 Calf 6 109 300 Calf 7 119 302 Calf 8 218 250 Calf 9 360 111 Calf 10 400 311

What techniques are employed in determination of Race/Ancestry?

Upon comparing the mass of Fuji apples grown on two farms in Georgetown, KY--one using organic fertilizer and a neighboring farm using commercial fertilizer, the a research program commissioned by the USDA finds that the mean mass of organically and commercially grown apples are 224.2 g and 224.6 g, respectively. The standard error for both means is 0.015 g. The statistical test obtained by comparing the mass of several thousand apples from each farm (organic: 6,000, commercial: 78,000) produced a p-value of 0.001. What is correct interpretation of the results? The apples from the non-organic apples tend to be heavier than organic apples. There is no discernible difference in the mass of apples grown on both farm; this is supported by the statistically significant P-vale of 0.001. O Apples from the commercial farm were heavier than those from the organic farm, and this difference is statistically significant. O The difference in mass of apples from the two farms is negligible.

What are some general tips in calculating allele and genotype frequencies?   Examples of each will be useful.