CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g) Equilibrium 1. At room temperatures Keq ~ 10-7. Are products or reactants favored at equilibrium? [ Select 2. At 1330 K, Keq -1. What is favored at equilibrium now? [ Select ] 3. What is the correct expression for the equilibrium constant? [Select] <>

CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g) Equilibrium 1. At room temperatures Keq ~ 10-7. Are products or reactants favored at equilibrium? [ Select 2. At 1330 K, Keq -1. What is favored at equilibrium now? [ Select ] 3. What is the correct expression for the equilibrium constant? [Select] <>

Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781305079243

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl

Chapter12: Chemical Equilibrium

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2RQ: What is the law of mass action? Is it true that the value of K depends on the amounts of reactants...

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Nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia are in equilibrium in a 1000-L reactor at 550 K. The concentration of N2 is 0.00485 M, H2 is 0.022 M, and NH3 is 0.0016 M. The volume of the container is halved, to 500 L. (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant. (b) Define y as the change in the concentration of nitrogen in the 500-L container. Is y positive or negative? (c) Write the iCe table and express the equilibrium constant in a polynomial in terms of y.
What is the law of mass action? Is it true that the value of K depends on the amounts of reactants and products mixed together initially? Explain. Is it true that reactions with large equilibrium constant values are very fast? Explain. There is only one value of the equilibrium constant for a particular system at a particular temperature, but there is an infinite number of equilibrium positions. Explain.
The following question is taken from a Chemistry Advanced Placement Examination and is used with the permission of the Educational Testing Service. Solve the following problem: MgF2(s)Mg2+(aq)+2F(aq) In a saturated solution of MgF2 at 18 C, the concentration of Mg2+ is 1.21103M . The equilibrium is represented by the preceding equation. (a) Write the expression for the solubility-product constant, Ksp, and calculate its value at 18 C. (b) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of Mg2+ in 1.000 L of saturated MgF2 solution at 18 C to which 0.100 mol of solid KF has been added. The KF dissolves completely. Assume the volume change is negligible. (c) Predict whether a precipitate of MgF2 will form when 100.0 mL of a 3.00103 -M solution of Mg(NO3)2 is mixed with 200.0 mL of a .2.00103 -M solution of NaF at 18 C. Show the calculations to support your prediction.. (d) At 27 C the concentration of Mg2+ in a saturated solution of MgF2 is 1.17103M . Is the dissolving of MgF2 in water all endothermic or an exothermic process? Give an explanation to support your conclusion.
In a particular experiment, the equilibrium constant measured for the reaction, Cl2(g)+NO2(g)Cl2NO2(g), is 2.8. Based on this measurement, calculate AG° for this reaction. Calculate AG° using data from Appendix E at the back of the book and discuss the agreement between your two calculations.
Consider the system 4 NH3(g) + 3 O2(g) ⇌ 2 N2(g) + 6 H20(ℓ) ΔrH° = −1530.4 kJ/mol How will the amount of ammonia at equilibrium be affected by removing O2(g) without changing the total gas volume? adding N2(g) without changing the total gas volume? adding water without changing the total gas volume? expanding the container? increasing the temperature? Which of these changes (i to v) increases the value of K? Which decreases it?
Hydrogen and carbon dioxide react at a high temperature to give water and carbon monoxide. H2(g) + CO2(g) H2O(g) + CO(g) (a) Laboratory measurements at 986 C show that there are 0.11 mol each of CO and H2O vapor and 0.087 mol each of H2 and CO2 at equilibrium in a 50.0-L container. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction at 986 C. (b) Suppose 0.010 mol each of H2 and CO2 are placed in a 200.0-L container. When equilibrium is achieved at 986 C, what amounts of CO(g) and H2O(g), in moles, would be present? [Use the value of Kc from part (a).]
A common type of reaction we will study is that having a very small K value (K 1). Solving for equilibrium concentrations in an equilibrium problem usually requires many mathematical operations to be perfomed. However, the math involved when solving equilibrium problems for reactions having small K values (K 1) is simplified. What assumption is made when solving the equilibrium concentrations for reactions with small K values? Whenever assumptions are made, they must be checked for validity. In general, the 5% rule is used to check the validity of assuming x (or 2 x, 3x, and so on) is very small compared to some number. When x (or 2 x. 3x. and so on) is less than 5% of the number the assumption was made against, then the assumption is said to be valid. If the 5% rule fails, what do you do to solve for the equilibrium concentrations?
How is the strength of an acid related to the position of its ionization equilibrium? Write the equations for the dissociation (ionization) of HCI, HNO3, and HClO4in water. Since all these acids are strong acids, what does this indicate about the basicity of the Cl-, NO3, and ClO4ions? Are aqueous solutions of NaCl, NaNO3, or NaClO4basic?
When a mixture of hydrogen and bromine is maintained at normal atmospheric pressure and heated above 200. °C in a closed container, the hydrogen and bromine react to form hydrogen bromide and a gas-phase equilibrium is established. Write a balanced chemical equation for the equilibrium reaction. Use bond enthalpies from Table 6.2 ( Sec. 6-6b) to estimate the enthalpy change for the reaction. Based on your answers to parts (a) and (b), which is more important in determining the position of this equilibrium, the entropy effect or the energy effect? In which direction will the equilibrium shift as the temperature increases above 200. °C? Explain. Suppose that the pressure were increased to triple its initial value. In which direction would the equilibrium shift? Why is the equilibrium not established at room temperature?
7-64 As we shall see in Chapter 20, there are two forms of glucose, designated alpha and betawhich are in equilibrium in aqueous solution. The equilibrium constant for the reaction is 1.5 at 30°C. (a) If you begin with a fresh 1.0 M solution of D-glucose in water, what will be its concentration when equilibrium is reached? (b) Calculate the percentage of glucose and of glucose present at equilibrium in aqueous solution at 30°C.
For the reactionH2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g), consider two possibilities: (a) you mix 0.5 mole of each reactant. allow the system to come to equilibrium, and then add another mole of H2 and allow the system to reach equilibrium again. or (b) you mix 1.5 moles of H2 and 0.5 mole of I2 and allow the system to reach equilibrium. Will the final equilibrium mixture be different for the two procedures? Explain.
Red phosphorus is formed by heating white phosphorus. Calculate the temperature at which the two forms are at equilibrium, given white P: H f =0.00 kJ/mol; S =41.09 J/mol K red P: H f =17.6 kJ/mol; S =22.80 J/mol K