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Oogenesis
The formation of the ovum (mature female gamete) from undifferentiated germ cells is called oogenesis. This process takes place in the ovaries (female gonads). Oogenesis consists of three stages known as the multiplication phase, growth phase, and maturation phase.
Cell Division
Cell division involves the formation of new daughter cells from the parent cells. It is a part of the cell cycle that takes place in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Cell division is required for three main reasons:
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- Among the statements a, b and c, which is/are false? a) Endocytosis is the formation of vacuoles by the plasma membrane for the purpose oftransport inside the cell a small content of extracellular fluid. b) Exocytosis is the formation of vacuoles by the plasma membrane for the purpose oftransport a small amount of intracellular fluid out of the cell. c) Pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis. d) All of these statements are false. e) None of these statements is false.Here's one experimental approach to finding out how rapidly a membrane transporter can move its solute into the cell: combine biochemical information about how much solute accumulates in the cell over time with structural information about how many transporters are on the surface of the cell. You are studying a spherical eukaryotic cell that has a diameter of 20 um and is engaged in glycolysis. Its energy source is glucose, which it is taking up from its environment via Na/glucose symporters distributed throughout the surface of its plasma membrane. By briefly adding an inhibitor of all glucose breakdown, you are able to determine that glucose accumulates in the cell at the rate of (5.000x10^1) µM/hr. Based on this number, how many umoles of glucose must be entering the cell per hour? (Assume that one-half of the volume of the cell is composed of organelles, and thus not available for diffusion of glucose). Put your final answer in umol/hr.Inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase might reasonably result in which of the following: a.) gradual cellular accumulation of K+ b.) gradual decrease in cytoplasmic Na+ c.) cell shrinkage d.) hyperpolarization of the membrane potential e.) reduced activity of many secondary active transporters
- Endocytosis and exocytosis are both forms of [ ACTIVE / PASSIVE ] transport that [ DO / DO NOT ] require energy. Outline an example/scenario in which a cell would need to perform a form of endocytosis. Outline an example/scenario in which a cell would need to perform exocytosis. a) Name the 3 specific types of endocytosis. b) Exocytosis is considered the opposite/reverse process as? Pls helpDistinguish between simple diffusion (SD), facilitated diffusion (FD), and active transport (AT) across a membrane for the following questions. (a) Which processes are energy dependent? (b) Which processes need some kind of carrier protein(s)? (c) Which processes can be saturated by substrate? (d) Which processes can establish a concentration gradient? (e) How much energy does it take to transport an uncharged substrate in, if its starting inside concentration is 10-fold greater than outside?In the Nernst equation [V = 62 log10 (Co/ Ci)], the term Ci represents: the extracellular concentration of potassium the extracellular concentration of sodium the membrane potential (in millivolts) the intracellular concentration of calcium the intracellular concentration of potassium Which of the following ions must be kept to very low concentrations within the cell cytoplasm in order to allow for enough substrate molecules to synthesize nucleotides and nucleic acids? HCO3- (bicarbonate) Ca2+ (calcium) PO43- (phosphate) Na+ (sodium) K+ (potassium)
- The resting membrane potential is established by? The Na+/K+-ATPase pumping Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell The Na+/K+-ATPase pumping K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell A larger diffusion of K+ out of the cell compared to diffusion of Na+ into the cell A larger diffusion of K+ into the cell compared to diffusion of Na+ out of the cell a) and d) b) and c)In the context of cell biology, what do we mean by form follows function? What are a least two examples of this concept?Complex interactions between various macromolecules dictate the cellular and organismal outcomes seen in biology. Pick one of the following examples two biological processes or molecules which interact in a complex and opposite mechanisms to control an aspect of cellular biology. Describe the difference between these two processes and explain how they interact to provide the delicate balance in the cell, as suggested below. If this balance is not maintained, what would be the cellular and organismal effects? Examples to choose from: Metabolic production of protein polymers is offset by the descructive actions of the lysosome Mitochondrial flux produces cellular energy currency, but produces ROS in the cytosol AMP and ATP interact with phosphofructokinase to affect the progression of substrates through glycolysis ATPase allows protons to diffuse across the mitochondrial inner membrane while protons are continually pumped out through respiratory chain protein action
- Consider the artificial cell experiment below: Lactose = 2.0 M Ca+ = 0.4 M The ion channels in the membrane will allow Ca+ to pass freely, but nothing else. The starting conditions for the experiment are shown. Lactose = 0.1 M Ca+ = 3.0 M Rewrite the following statement to make it correct: "Eventually, there will be a net movement of water out of the cell because the inside of the cell is hypotonic compared to the environment." Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt ✓ ParagraphTypically, there is an ion gradient between the cytoplasm and the interior of synaptic vesicles. The ion gradient has a functional role. Which of the following statements best describes the ion gradient across the synaptic vesicle membrane and its role? a.) There is a proton gradient across the synaptic vesicle membrane, and it provides the driving force for the transport of neurotransmitter into the vesicle. b.) There is a sodium gradient across the synaptic vesicle membrane, and it provides the driving force for the transport of neurotransmitter into the vesicle. c.) There is a proton gradient across the synaptic vesicle membrane, and it provides the driving force for the transport of neurotransmitter out of the vesicle. d.) There is a sodium gradient across the synaptic vesicle membrane, and it provides the driving force for the transport of neurotransmitter out of the vesicle.Molecules Toolbox: Glucose H₂O Outside of cell Na+ 0₂ NaCl Inside of cell 1) Passive diffusion Amino Acid CO₂ K+ H+ Be sure to label all molecules you use and label any additional molecules/proteins 2) Facilitated diffusion wwwwww!!! Use 2 of these terms to describe the various processes AG+ Exergonic AG- 3) Generation of a Gradient Endergonic Outside of cell !!!!!!! Inside of cell