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Bacterial Genomics
The study of the morphological, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of the bacterial genome is referred to as bacterial genomics. This subdisciplinary field aids in understanding how genes are assembled into genomes. Further, bacterial or microbial genomics has helped researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and other microbes.
Transformation Experiment in Bacteria
In the discovery of genetic material, the experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith on Streptococcus pneumonia proved to be a stepping stone.
Plasmids and Vectors
The DNA molecule that exists in a circular shape and is smaller in size which is capable of its replication is called Plasmids. In other words, it is called extra-chromosomal plasmid DNA. Vectors are the molecule which is capable of carrying genetic material which can be transferred into another cell and further carry out replication and expression. Plasmids can act as vectors.
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- Given the following complementation chart for holes in Monstera, give me the biochemical (phenotype) pathway. A В D E Holes Class 1 + + + - - Class 2 + + Class 3 + + + Class 4 Class 5 + + - - + +In BLOSUM62 matrix, a conserved Tryptophan position has score S(W,W) = 11, but a conserved Leucine position has score S(L,L) = 4. Give at least one reason why these values differ.b. Which one of the following a cell mutants will be able to switch at least once? [Select]
- You generate mutants in the metabolic pathway for starlase. You conduct some complementation tests (after testing for dominance of course) and come up with the following results: 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 I 2 + 3 + 4 + + LO 5 a. How many complementation groups are there? [Select] 6 + + + + +- 1 attachment If a pure line wheat plant with a colored kernel (geniotype = DDEE) is crossed to plant with white kernels (genotype = ddee) and the resulting. F1 plants are selfed, a modification of the dihybrid 9:3:3:1 ratio will be produced. What is the biochemical explanation for the genotypes: (a) D_E_ and (b) D_ee ? A. Presence of functional enzymes from both genotypes (a) and (b) B. Presence of functional enzymes from genes in (a) C. Absence of a functional enzyme from the D gene pair D. Presence of functional enzymes from genes in (a) and absence of a functional enzyme from the D gene pair in (b) E. None of the above.7. Progression from metaphase to anaphase in the cell cycle, and subsequent exit from anaphase, requires sequential events involving the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC). APC is a multi- protein complex that has ubiquitin ligase activity (see pp. 611-612 in your textbook re: ubiquitin). When APC adds adds ubiquitin to a substrate protein, the protein is targeted for degradation by the proteasome. Two important substrates of APC are the proteins securin and cyclin B. Destruction of securin allows the separation of sister chromatids at the beginning of anaphase, whereas subsequent destruction of cyclin B allows cells to exit anaphase (see Figure 24-18 in your textbook). APC Cdh-1 Cdc20- Securin Mitotic cyclins Cohesin G1 Metaphase Anaphase For APC to bind specific substrates, it requires unique adaptor proteins that help it to recognize its substrates. The adaptor protein Cdc20 allows APC to recognize and ubiquitinate securin, while the adaptor Cdh-1 allows APC to recognize and…
- In an experimental motile fibroblast cell line, Nucleation Promoting Factor (NPF) was mutated in such a way that it no longer could bind to the G-actin monomers. Which of the following would you observe in these cells as a consequence of the mutation at the molecular level? None of the other is true. The cell will not be able to form branching of the actins using Arp2/3 complex at the leading edge and causing movement arrest The filamin protein will not be recruited for crosslinking the actins and will cause the arrest of movement. The Arp2/3 and filamin will not be able to dissociate from actin in the absence of NPF and the cells will be restricted to move in one direction onlyYou generate mutants in the metabolic pathway for starlase. You conduct some complementation tests (after testing for dominance of course) and come up with the following results: 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 + 3 + + a. How many complementation groups are there? [Select] 4 + 5 + + + + 6 +The chromosome 9/22 translocation associated withCML (chronic myelogenous leukemia) is called thePhiladelphia chromosome after the city in which itscancer association was first discovered in 1960.People with CML do not inherit this translocation—it occurs in somatic cells. Why do you think that thisparticular translocation that fuses the bcr and ablgenes happens independently in the somatic cellsof many different people?
- Why is the spindle assembly check point defective in cancer cells?You are growing up myoblasts, C2C12 cells, to use in a myogenic study. You are using T-150 flasks with a culture area of 150 cm2 and when confluent contains 2 x 107 cells.You are growing up myoblasts ) If 20% of a culture of human cells have a DNA content somewhere between 1&2*s (S-phase=8 hours) and 1X amount of DNA in non-dividing cells. What is the generation time?When a mixture of different IgG antibody proteins are treated with the enzyme papain, each antibody is cleaved into three roughly equal size fragments. From each original antibody, two of the three fragments are identical to each other, and represent the ‘arms’ of the antibody ‘Y’. These fragments are known as Fab fragments. The third fragment is known as the Fc region, because this fragment will crystallize when purified. The reason a mixture of Fc fragments will crystallize is because: It is the only part of the antibody protein that can easily be purified at the high concentrations needed for crystallization. It has no disulfide bonds holding the domains together, as disulfide bonds will inhibit crystallization. It is the only fragment of the antibody that still has disulfide bonds, so it remains intact during the crystallization process. The Fc fragments of IgG are much more water soluble than the Fab fragments. All Fc fragments generated from a mixture of IgG molecules have the…
