- ATP consider as an important molecule in metabolism, because : A) It is one of the four building blocks for DNA synthesis. B) It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. C) Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that, when hydrolyzed, releases free energy. D) Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions. E) Its terminal phosphate bond has higher energy than the other two. 2- How many ATP yield from complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water: A) 38 B) 32 C) 2 D) 8 E)24

- ATP consider as an important molecule in metabolism, because : A) It is one of the four building blocks for DNA synthesis. B) It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. C) Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that, when hydrolyzed, releases free energy. D) Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions. E) Its terminal phosphate bond has higher energy than the other two. 2- How many ATP yield from complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water: A) 38 B) 32 C) 2 D) 8 E)24

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter6: Energy, Enzymes, And Biological Reactions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 14TYK

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. Explain what is meant by the term, “high energy compound”. Name a thioester molecule that is commonly found in biochemical reactions. Explain why thioesters are “high energy” compounds. Describe the molecular structure of cellulose. How does this structure explain why cellulose forms strong fibers? Explain why digestion of cellulose takes a long time even when catalyzed by an enzyme. The enzyme phosphofructokinase transfers a phosphate from ATP to the hydroxyl group a C1 of fructose. Similar to fructose, water also has a hydroxyl group and the concentration of water is much higher than that of fructose. Explain why the phosphate is transferred to fructose and not to water.
10) The phosphorylation of glucose is an unfavorable reaction, with ΔG°’ = 13.8 kJ/mol. We can couple this to the favorable reaction of ATP hydrolysis to make the overall process favorable. a) Describe how this works. b) If ΔG°’ for ATP hydrolysis = -32.2 kJ/mol, what is the overall ΔG°’ of the reaction?
12. Nirogenase is an enzyme that converts the remarkably stable triple bond in N2 into a usable form. It uses an iron sulfur cluster comprised of iron and the sulfur atoms of several active site cysteine residues. Based on your knowledge of Biochemistry what is the enzyme doing to effectively carry out this reaction? a) stabilizing the transition state for the reaction by hydrophobic effects b) stabilizing the ground state for the reaction by hydrophobic effects c) stabilizing the transition state for the reaction by metal ion catalysis d) stabilizing the ground state for the reaction by metal ion catalysis e) all of the above
or 41. Why are ATP's phosphoanhydride bonds high energy? Why is ATP hydrolysis to be so favorable?
6. AG of ATP hydrolysis to ADP and phosphate at 25°C is-30.5 kJ/mol. It means: A) ATP is fast hydrolyzed in aqueous solution, either catalytically or non-catalytically B) at equilibrium concentration of ADP and phosphate are much higher than concentration of ATP C) equilibrium constant for ATP hydrolysis is much less than one reaction of ATP hydrolysis is endergonic D) E) without proper enzyme hydrolysis of ATP does not occur If you have 100 ml. of gastric juice,
HO-C-CH,-CH,~ Identify the enzyme needed in each of the following reactions as an isomerase, a decarboxylase, a dehydrogenase, a protease, or a phosphatase. о CH;-C-Č-OH → CH;-Č–H + CO, СНО CH,OH НС—ОН C=0 HO-CH — НО -СН НС—ОН НС—ОН HO-CH Но -СH CH-OPO,?- ČH-OPO,- Но -С—СН,—CH, —С—ОН — Но -С—СН—СH-С-ОН + 2Н H;N-CH-C-NH-CH-CO0 +H;O → CH; ČH3 2 H;N-CH-CO0- ČH3
6F. What conformational state is stabilized by y in ATP synthase? Why might achieving this state require energy input from the PMF?
Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity 8) Explain why the [VO] of the reactions at pH 3 and temperature of 100'C were (or should have been) tower than the other treatments conducted. In your response consider the following: a) The effect of these conditions on the structure of the enzyme. b) Why this structural effect resulted in a decreased [VO].
Which of the following is NOT a reason that ATP is generally used as the activated carrier of phosphates in metabolic pathways? A) Destabilizing charge repulsions are reduced when ATP is hydrolyzed B) The hydrolysis orthophosphate has greater resonance stability than ATP C) ATP allows for phosphate transfer without the burden of mechanistically joining two reactions that share a common reaction intermediate D) The products of ATP hydrolysis (ADP and orthophosphate) are greater in entropy than ATP E) ATP has a high phosphoryl-transfer potential
31. The velocity of a particular enzyme-catalyzed reaction varied with pH as shown in the adjacent table: The MOST LIKELY explanation for this effect on enzyme activity is that the R-groups of: 1) His must be deprotonated 2) His must be protonated 3) Asp must be deprotonated pH Velocity (arbitrary units) 3 0.01 4) Asp must be protonated 5) Cys must be deprotonated 6) Cys must be protonated 4 3 5 10 ANSWERS A) 1,6 6 5 B) 2, 3 7 0.02 C) 3, 5 D) 4, 2 8 0.01 E) 5, 1
Balance the reactions. A hint is provided to help you decide if the reaction will proceed as written, ie from left to right. Do not leave any fractions. 1. a) Balance Al₂O3 → Al + 0₂ b) What type of reaction is this? c) Is this a redox rx, yes / no ? d) The reaction will go from left to right, yes / no ? (hint: O₂ is very reactive) 2. a) Balance HNO3 + AI → b) What type of reaction is this? c) Is this a redox rx, yes / no ? d) The reaction will go from left to right, yes / no ? (hint: aluminum is a reactive metal, and a gas escapes) C7H14 + 0₂ 3. a) Balance, leave no fractions b) What type of reaction is this? c) Is this a redox rx, yes / no ? d) The reaction will go from left to right, yes / no ? (hint: O₂ is very reactive) H2(g) + AI(NO3)3 → CO₂ + H₂O
P3D.2 In biological cells, the energy released by the oxidation of foods is stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP or ATP“).The essence of ATP's action is its ability to lose its terminal phosphate group by hydrolysis and to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP or ADP): ATP* (aq) + H,O() → ADP* (aq) + HPO (aq) + H,O*(aq) At pH = 7.0 and 37°C (310K, blood temperature) the enthalpy and Gibbs energy of hydrolysis are A,H =-20kJ mol and A,G=-31 kJ mol", respectively. Under these conditions, the hydrolysis of 1 mol ATP“(aq) results in the extraction of up to 31kJ of energy that can be used to do non- expansion work, such as the synthesis of proteins from amino acids, muscular contraction, and the activation of neuronal circuits in our brains. (a) Calculate and account for the sign of the entropy of hydrolysis of ATP at pH = 7.0 and 310K. (b) Suppose that the radius of a typical biological cell is 10µm and that inside it 1x 10ʻ ATP molecules are hydrolysed each second. What is the power density of…