Assume that the money demand function is (M / P)d = 2,200 – 200r, where r is the interest rate in percent. If the price level is fixed at P=2, and the Fed wants to fix the interest rate at 7 percent, it should set the money supply at: a. 2,000. b. 1,800. c. 1,600. d. 1,400.
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Assume that the money
a. 2,000.
b. 1,800.
c. 1,600.
d. 1,400.
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- We would expect that the level of income that would equate total demand for and total supply of money would be: (a) roughly at the level of the Fed’s interest rate target; (b) lower the lower the interest rates; (c) equal to the level that would equate realized investment with realized savings; (d) higher the lower the interest rate (or lower the higher the interest rate)Suppose in the economy of Apple Republic, the demand for money is given by Md = $Y (0.3 - i), where $Y = 100 and the supply of money (Ms) is $20. a. What is the equilibrium interest rate (i)? Answer: i = [ Select ] v %. b. If the central bank increases money supply (Ms) to $25, what is the impact on the interest rate? Answer: Interest rate (i) will [ Select ] to [ Select ] %.Exercise 1 cr+1 Consider the money supply Ms=mxB , m = cr+rr Assume that the demand for real money is given by the equation (M/P)d=0.25Y, and that the output has been growing 3% per year. Assume, further, that you have been called before Congress to testify about the long-run effects of increasing the growth of the money supply to 10 % per year. 1. State, compute and explain the long-run effects of this change on the inflation rate, on the nominal interest rate, on the real interest rate, on investment and on the real GDP. For each of them, argue both using the formulae that we studied and the macroeconomic dynamic beyond the effect. 2. Compute the implied money velocity. Suppose that the actual nominal value of the output (PY) is 1000, the value of the reserves is 50 and the toal value of the deposits is 75. Find the actual money multiplier. 3. State the different ways in which the central bank can achieve the change (+10%) in the money supply (think about the variables that can…
- According to your graph, the equilibrium value of money is (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00) therefore the equilibrium price level is (1.00, 1.33, 2.00, 4.00). Now, suppose that the Fed reduces the money supply from the initial level of $4 billion to $2.5 billion. In order to reduce the money supply, the Fed can use open market operations to (sell bonds to – buy bonds from) the public. Use the purple line (diamond symbol) to plot the new money supply (MS2). Immediately after the Fed changes the money supply from its initial equilibrium level, the quantity of money supplied is (greater – less) than the quantity of money demanded at the initial equilibrium. This contraction in the money supply will (increase – reduce) people’s demand for goods and services. In the long run, since the economy’s ability to produce goods and services has not changed, the prices of goods and services will (rise – fall) and value of money will (rise – fall)2. Money supply, money demand, and adjustment to monetary equilibrium The following table gives the quantity of money demanded at various price levels (P), the money demand schedule. In the following table, fill in the column labeled Value of Money. Quantity of Money Demanded Price Level (P) Value of Money (1/P) (Billions of dollars) 1.00 1.00 1.33 0.75 2.00 0.50 4.00 0.25 1.5 2.0 3.5 7.0 Now consider the relationship between the quantity of money that people demand and the price level. The lower the price level, the less required to complete transactions, and the less money people will want to hold in the form of currency or demand deposits. Assume that the Federal Reserve initially fixes the quantity of money supplied at $3.5 billion. Use the orange line (square symbol) to plot the initial money supply (MS₁) set by the Fed. Then, referring to the previous table, use the blue connected points (circle symbol) to graph the money demand curve. moneyAssume the following money demand function: Md = PY (0.35 - ) The income is € 100. Suppose further that the bid offer is € 20. There is equilibrium in the money market and the financial markets. a. What is the interest rate? b. If the central bank wants to increase the interest rate i by 10 percentage points (for example from 2% to 12%), how should it choose the money supply?
- Suppose that money demand is given by M^d=$Y(0.23–0.5i) where $Y is $110. If the Federal Reserve sets an interest rate target of 6%, the money supply it must create is $_. (Round your response to two decimal places.)Fill in the Value of Money column in the following table. Quantity of Money Demanded (Billions of dollars) Price Level (P) Value of Money (1/P) 1.00 1.5 1.33 2.0 2.00 3.5 4.00 7.0 Now consider the relationship between the price level and the quantity of money that people demand. The lower the price level, the money the typical transaction requires, and the money people will wish to hold in the form of currency or demand deposits. Assume that the Fed initially fixes the quantity of money supplied at $3.5 billion. Use the orange line (square symbol) to plot the initial money supply (MS,) set by the Fed. Then, referring to the previous table, use the blue connected points (circle symbol) to graph the money demand curve.1.25 MS, 1.00 Money Demand 0.75 MS2 0.50 0.25 3 4 QUANTITY OF MONEY (Billions of dollars) , therefore the equilibrium price level is According to your graph, the equilibrium value of money is Now, suppose that the Fed increases the money supply from the initial level of $2.5 billion to $4 billion. In order to increase the money supply, the Fed can use open market operations to the public. Use the purple line (diamond symbol) to plot the new money supply ( MS2 ). Immediately after the Fed changes the money supply from its initial equilibrium level, the quantity of money supplied is than the quantity of money demanded at the initial equilibrium. This expansion in the money supply will people's demand for goods and services. In the long run, since the economy's ability to produce goods and services has not changed, the prices of goods and services will and the value of money will VALUE OF MONEY
- Suppose the economy is in long-run equilibrium with GDP approaching $23T and the unemployment rate is approaching 4%. Now, let's say that the Fed has decided to decrease the money supply by 6%! The Fed proposes this move by raising the Prime Rate from the current 3.25 to 4.00 and to sell a new trunk or class of 30-year Treasury Bonds. This was not expected! What might be the short and long run effects on the economy as a whole if this were to take place? What happens to the inflation rate? What happens with unemployment? Like I said, this was actually expected that the Fed might take some sort of constriction action to stave off reduce inflation and to strengthen the money supply. However, President Biden, Congress and the Treasury Department had hoped for no contraction of the money supply until 2023.4. Changes in the money supply The following graph represents the money market in a hypothetical economy. This economy has a central bank, similar to the Bank of Canada, called the Fed. Unlike in Canada, the economy is closed (that is, the economy does not interact with other economies in the world). The money market is currently in equilibrium at an interest rate of 2.5% and a quantity of money equal to $0.4 trillion, as indicated by the grey star. INTEREST RATE (Percent) 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 Money Demand 0.1 Money Supply 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 MONEY (Trillions of dollars) 0.2 0.7 4 0.8 New MS Curve New Equilibrium (? Suppose the Fed announces that it is lowering its target interest rate by 75 basis points, or 0.75 percentage point. To do this, the Fed will use open- market operations to the money by the public.The following graph represents the money market for some hypothetical economy. This economy is similar to the United States in the sense that it has a central bank called the Fed, but a major difference is that this economy is closed (and therefore does not have any interaction with other world economies). The money market is currently in equilibrium at an interest rate of 3% and a quantity of money equal to $0.4 trillion, designated on the graph by the grey star symbol. image 1 INTEREST RATE (Percent) 5.0 45 9 4.0 3.5 3.0 25 20 15 1.0 0 Money Demand 01 Money Supply 02 0.3 0.4 0.5 MONEY (Trillions of dollars) 0.6 0.7 08 4- New MS Curve New Equilibrium Suppose the Fed announces that it is raising its target interest rate by 75 basis points, or 0.75 percentage points. To do this, the Fed will use open- market operations to the public. the money by