As we will discover in the geoengineering portion of the course, one way to solve global warming is to increase the reflectivity of the planet.  To reduce the Earth’s temperature by 1K, by how much would we have to change the albedo?  Assume a 1 layer planet with an initial albedo of 0.3 and solar constant of 1360 W/m2.

Q: , we often send first a flyby, then an orbiter, then a probe or a lander. There’s no doubt that…

A: Lander spacecraft is meant to reach a planet's surface and stay long enough to send data back to…

Q: a)  Suppose the Earth grew to its present size in 1 million years through the accretion of particles…

A: Ques: Suppose the Earth grew to its present size in 1 million years through the accretion of…

Q: 400 km altitude with flight path angle -10.0 degrees and speed 10.8 km/sec. a. Using Kepler's…

A: Given that:Flight path angle (γ) = -10.0 degreesSpeed at burnout (V) = 10.8 km/secRadius of the…

Q: As discussed in class, the moon is receding from the Earth due to tides at a rate of ~4 cm/year.…

A:

Q: Figure 9 shows photos of Mars taken by the Hubble Space Telescope during the planet’s spring and…

A: The seasons on Mars occurs due to its axial tilt and its eccentricity.

Q: Suppose that Earth grew to its present size in 11 million years from particles averaging 190 g each.…

A: As given the present size of the earth is grown through 11 million years from  particles of mass m…

Q: Calculate the energy flux density, Fm , at the average distance of Mars from the Sun, rm , (energy…

A: Given: The distance of Mars from the Earth is 2.279×1013 cm. Introduction: Luminosity is a measure…

Q: The Mars Robotic Lander for which we are making these calculations is designed to return samples of…

A: sidereal period of mars = Pmars = 1.88  earth years

Q: Suppose that Earth grew to its present size in 11 million years from particles averaging 150 g each.…

A:

Q: Every year over 105 km2 of forest area is lost to human activity. This is about one seventh the area…

A:

Q: In the previous lab, we calculated the area in between Mars' and Jupiter's orbit to be ~1.6e18 km2.…

A: Given: The area between Mars and Jupiter belt, A = 1.6×1018 km No. Of asteroids in the belt, n =…

Q: On the night side of Venus, we find that the brightest wavelength, that is the wavelength this…

A:

Q: You have a dream you are driving across the country. In your dream, you leave Kala- mazoo at 9 a.m.…

A: Time at the starting of the trip = 9 am Time at the end of the trip that is when you arrive at Fargo…

Q: Go to the home page for NASA’s Mars Exploration Program, and look for the latest evidence concerning…

A: Though NASA’s past missions on the planet Mars have found plenty of evidences concerning the…

Q: If we transmitted radio signals to Mercury when it is farthest from Earth and waited to hear the…

A: Solution: the expression for the time taken to heard radar echo t = 2d/v here t is time, d is the…

Q: If we transmitted radio signals to Mercury when it was closest to Earth and waited to hear the radar…

A: t=2dc d is the distance between Earth and Mercury.

Q: Voyager 1 is one of the most distant and fastest moving human made objects as measured from Earth.…

A: Since 1977 the number of years passed are 2021 – 1977 years = 44 years.

Q: net and determined that the atmo of roughly 99% CO2, and the rem and is very thin compared to Eart

A: The planet is very abundant in oxygen which i followed by carbon and then the nitrogen.

Q: The fraction of the energy flux received which is reflected into space is the albedo of Venus, av,…

A: Given: The fraction of the energy flux received which is reflected into space is 0.76. Introduction:…

Q: Which of the following properties of Mars would be altered by the process of terraforming?     its…

A:

Q: 2.90 x 10° m :K What is the wavelength (in nm) of the most intense radiation emitted from the…

A: λmax=2.90×10-3 m·KT The maximum temperature in Mercury at high noon is around 430 degree Celsius.

Q: In 2015, researchers concluded that Enceladus's subsurface ocean is probably global, instead of just…

A: The Cassini spacecraft found that Enceladus wobbles slightly as it orbits Saturn, more so than it…

Q: The number density of air in a child's balloon is roughly the same as sea level air, 1019…

A: Number of particles in the balloon is, N=nVN=n×43πR3

Q: Consider a cloudless day on which the sun shines down across the United States. If 2036 kJ2036 kJ of…

A: (given) Energy reaches a square meter of the united states in one hour = 2036 K J…

Q: Pretend you are a NASA executive or a legislator. Design a new mission in our solar system.…

A:

Q: Going back to Figures 3 and 4, Mercury’s surface appears very detailed in these photos. Not so for…

A: when the planet is visible, it is positioned at a low altitude where it is the condition of haze and…

Q: The number density of air in a child's balloon is roughly the same as sea level air, 1019…

A: Density (p1) = 1019 particles/cm3 Diameter (d1) = 16cm  Density (p2) = 1 particle/cm3  Diameter…

Q: Which of the following is NOT best explained by Venus's extreme greenhouse effect?   a. its…

A: The following are the best explanation for the Venus extreme greenhouse effect: The atmosphere of…

Q: Suppose you send a probe to land on Mercury, and the probe transmits radio signals to Earth at a…

A: Observed frequency when the source recedes away

Q: Eratosthenes measurement of the size of our planet over 2000 years ago, but we will do it on a…

A: First we will do a simulation of Eratosthenes measurement of the size of our planet over 2000 years…

Q: In the graph from the class handout the inflow of energy from the sun is given as a constant 236…

A: The relation between Solar’s constant, Planet’s albedo and energy inflow can be given by, 14L(1-α)=E…

Q: The principle cause of our intense interest in Mars in the decades before the dawn of the space age…

A: Option (A): A few astronomers believed that they saw evidence of an intelligent civilization on…

Q: If we moved Venus out to 1 AU from the Sun (same as Earth), Venus would probably   a. become more…

A: The radius of the venus is 6052 km, which is almost similar to the earth.

Q: The gravity on Mars is about 38% that of Earth's gravity. Let's say some cargo has a mass of 15 kg…

A:

Q: Planetary scientists are hoping that the samples collected by the Perseverance Mars rover will…

A: Required : The correct reason.

Q: The clouds that surround Venus are so thick that the planet actually absorbs less sunlight than the…

A:

Q: A lot of asteroid and comet dust collides with Earth's atmosphere everyday. Assume that 500 tons of…

A: Conversion for ton to kilograms is, 1 ton = 907.185 kg

Q: CO2 and planetary warming: understanding Earth’s complicated atmosphere Mars has an atmospheric…

A: The reasons for which the mars is cooler than the earth is discussed below:

Q: How long, deep, and wide would a terrestrial chasm have to be to have the same proportions relative…

A:

Q: on Mars: Before leaving the surface of the planet aboard the shuttle, it is useful for astronauts…

A: Hello dear I have explained about escape velocity and write the formula for escape velocity . Have a…

Q: ile flying through the asteroid belt. (Hint: To answer the first part of the question, find the

A:

Q: According to http://hyperphysics.phy-str.gsu.edu/hbase/solar/venusenv.html, the atmosphere of Venus…

A: It is given that,

Q: Considering what you learned from the solar nebula theory, how likely do you think it is to find…

A: The solar nebula theory explains the creation of our solar system. It explains how the star formed…

Q: How many impacts would you expect to strike a 100m2 region in one hour during Earth’s formation,…

A: Given data: The time of Earth's growth is T=10 million yr. The mass of each particle is m=100 g.…