An action potential is considered an "all or nothing" event. What does this mean? Explain using the picture below to discuss what happens during each event. Use the letters in the diagram to match the events. +40 0- potential (mV)

After strenuous exercise, you may notice that your muscles burn and feel sore the next day. Which statement best explains this phenomenon? (a) Proteins in muscle cells are being digested to provide energy. (b) Carbon dioxide is building up in muscle cells and changing their pH. (c) Spontaneous combustion occurs during strenuous exercise, so avoid it at all costs! (d) ATP is accumulating in muscle cells, causing a burning sensation. (e) Without adequate oxygen, muscle cells are fermenting pyruvate into lactic acid.

If you are trying to study the presynaptic activity of a neurotransmitter using outside out patch clamp, would you add the neurotransmitter into the solution bath that the setup is placed into or would the neurotransmitter be added through the micropipette of the patch clamp?

Cystic fibrosis is a degenerative disease that causes the progressive breakdown of the myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons. Which of the following best describes the likely effect of cystic fibrosis on neuronal function? A B C D an inhibition in the release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic terminal a decrease in the conduction speed of the action potential along neuronal axons an unstoppable generation of action potential in affected neurons an inhibition in the generation of action potentials at neuronal dendrites

What ion/s is/are most likely to have a high conductance through the Jerrionin channel?

Below is a figure from a 2015 paper that characterizes the effect of venom from the spider Selenocosmia hainana on voltage-gated sodium channels. According to the I-V curve (current-voltage curve) in Figure panel B, what is the effect of the venom on voltage-gated sodium channels? Current is on the y-axis and voltage is on the x-axis during an action potential. The figure legend denotes the concentration of the venom being applied. A C rHNTX-IV (10 μM) -rHNTX-IV (100 nM) Control Control 5 nA 10 ms r 5 nA 10 ms rHNTX- IV (10 μM) B D -80 -80 -60 -60 A -40 -40 V (mv) -20 V(mv) -20 be TOLF 2-6 I (NA) -8 ON -12 10 -12 -14 -8 -10 (NA) Control 100 nM — 10 μΜ 40 -Control -- 10 μM 40

Refer to the graph showing the course of an action potential. Which of the numbered points along the graph represent the time when voltage-gated potassium channels are first activated? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5

The table of neurotransmitters below is too simplistic. In reality, one neurotransmitter chemical has multiple actions in the nervous system. How is this possible?

Fill in the diagram, your illustration should demonstrate for each phase of the AP: 1. The relative concentration of K and Na 2. The relative voltage across the membrane 3. Any movement across the membrane of K and NA 4. The three kinds of channels in the membrane, and their state (open or closed) 5. Finally, indicate on the graph of the AP which phases correspond to hyper- polarization and which phases correspond to de- polarization Outside Outside Inside Inside Outside Inside Outside 1 Outside Inside Inside

Describe the neurotransmitters shown in Section 11.14 in the selected neurotransmitters table. Give examples of how they might occur in the body.