Among related species (e.g., vertebrates), there is often a positivecorrelation between the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood andthe height of the carbon dioxide equilibrium curve (the totalcarbon dioxide concentration at high CO2 partial pressures).Why?
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Among related species (e.g., vertebrates), there is often a positive
correlation between the oxygen-
the height of the carbon dioxide equilibrium curve (the total
carbon dioxide concentration at high CO2 partial pressures).
Why?
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- A partial pressure gradient of oxygen exists between ________. a. air and lungs b. lungs and metabolically active tissues c. air at sea level and air at high altitudes d. all of the aboveExplain what a partial pressure gradient is and how such gradients figure in gas exchange.In carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, CO binds to hemoglobin, therebydecreasing the uptake of O2 by hemoglobin. In addition, when CO bindsto hemoglobin, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to theleft. How does this shift affect the ability of tissues to get O2? Explain
- Using the information below, calculate the Oxygen Diffusion Driving Force (mmHg), which is the pressure gradient that drives O₂ out of the alveoli and into the blood (calculated as PAO₂- PVO₂): Barometric Pressure at Salt Lake City, UT= 4,226 ft. (1,288 m)→→ 657 mmHg . Estimated mixed-venous PO2 of blood returning to the lungs after leaving the muscle (PvO₂) at rest, measured at Salt Lake City, UT: PvO2 = 36 mmHg O 90 mmHg O 54 mmHg O 36 mmHg O 29 mmHgYou decide to cure your hiccups by breathing into a paper bag. Assumethat the bag is initially filled with 500 ml air (referenced to BTP) havingthe ambient air composition given in Table. Assume a breathing rateof 12 breaths/min, a CO2 production rate of 235 ml/min at BTP, and anO2 consumption rate of 284 ml/min at BTP. You can also assume that youbegin by inhaling all the air in the bag (i.e., tidal volume is 500 ml for thefirst breath), and that on each subsequent breath you increase your tidalvolume so as to completely empty the bag on inhalation. Compute the CO2concentration (as a percentage) in the bag after exhalation on the 10th breath.Although not particularly realistic, you can assume that the normal amountof CO2 is transferred from the lungs to the expelled air with every breath,even though the CO2 concentration in the bag is continually increasingGiven: Under normal circumstances the partial pressure of oxygen in air is approximately 160 mmHg. Let’s assume in the alveoli it drops to 100 mmHg when a person breaths 12x per minute. At the end of a 1-mile sprint a person is breathing 60x per minute, but, due to the decrease in the amount of time each breath spends in the lungs, the oxygen partial pressure is only drops to 140 mmHg before exhalation. a. How much has the amount of oxygen diffused through the alveoli increased or decreased? (Answer part a )
- Explain why the gas values from the alveolar air to the blood change during pulmonary gas exchange. For example: Alveolar air for CO2 has a value of 40mmHg then when entering the blood shifts to 45mmHg. Why does this occur? I tried to calculate this by using Dalton’s law but I’m not Understanding.The hemoglobin in mammalian blood is usually thought ofsimply as increasing the amount of O2 that can be carried by eachliter of blood. However, in a lecture on hemoglobin, a respiratoryphysiologist made the following statement: “The presence ofhemoglobin in the blood also makes possible the rapid uptakeof O2 by the blood as it flows through the lungs.” Explain thelecturer’s point.South American camelids (i.e., llamas, alpacas and vicuna) are native to the Andes Mountains. In the natural habitat of these mammals, high altitudes of more than 5,000 meters above sea level, the atmospheric PO2 is about 85 mm Hg, and the PO2 in the camelids' alveoli is about 50 mm Hg. A. Briefly explain the most likely reason why the PO2 in their alveoli (50 mmHg) is lower than the PO2 in the atmosphere (85mmHg). The composition of hemoglobin molecules in these camelids is different from that of other mammals. The following graph shows hemoglobin saturation (oxygen binding) of these llamas versus other mammals. B. Does their hemoglobin have a higher or lower affinity for oxygen compared to other mammals C. Using the information in this graph to support your reasoning, briefly explain why camelids are better adapted to survive at high altitudes compared to other mammals
- After spending a day or more at high altitude (with an oxygen partial pressure of 75 torr), the concentration of 2,3- bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) in red blood cells increases. What effect would an increased concentration of 2,3-BPG have on the oxygen-binding curve for hemoglobin? Why would this adaptation be beneficial for functioning well at high altitude?Messner and Habeler's 1978 ascent of Mount Everest without oxygen-breathing apparatus is often described as one of the most remarkable physical accomplishments achieved by humans. Table 1 shows respiratory gas and arterial pH values measured in a resting mountaineer at sea level, Everest base camp and Everest summit. Use the differences in these values to explain how breathing regulation changes when at rest at the 3 altitudes indicated. Calculations are not required but you may wish to consider the role of central and peripheral chemoreceptors and their relationship to paCO,, minute ventilation and alveolar pO, in your response. Table 1: Respiratory gas composition and arterial pH measured in a resting mountaineer at sea-level, Everest base-camp and Everest summit. Arterial Barometric Alveolar Inspíred p02 (FIO2) pO2 (PAO2) pCO2 (расо2) Altitude Pressure Arterial (m) pH mmHg mmHg mmHg mmHg Sea Level 760 150 106 36 7.4 Everest Base 5,400 404 75 51 20.4 7.6 Camp Everest 8,848 252 43 34…Using the full and simplified versions of the alveolar gas equation, determine the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli for an oxygen partial pressure of 160 mm Hg in the alveoli, a total pressure of 810 mm Hg, a partial pressure of oxygen in the surrounding air of 204 mm Hg, and a respiratory exchange ratio of 0.8. And provide one reason why this equation is essential for clinicians in a hospital setting. In your answer, comment on calculation/computation compared to accurately measure this value inside an individual alveoli.
