Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry can be considered as a branch of thermodynamics that deals with the connections between warmth, work, and various types of energy, formed because of different synthetic and actual cycles. Thermochemistry describes the energy changes that occur as a result of reactions or chemical changes in a substance.
Exergonic Reaction
The term exergonic is derived from the Greek word in which ‘ergon’ means work and exergonic means ‘work outside’. Exergonic reactions releases work energy. Exergonic reactions are different from exothermic reactions, the one that releases only heat energy during the course of the reaction. So, exothermic reaction is one type of exergonic reaction. Exergonic reaction releases work energy in different forms like heat, light or sound. For example, a glow stick releases light making that an exergonic reaction and not an exothermic reaction since no heat is released. Even endothermic reactions at very high temperature are exergonic.
Question
100%
Ag+ (aq) + Cl– (aq) → AgCl (s)
Delta H = ?
What is the enthalpy change when silver chloride form from the ions in an aqueous solution?
Transcribed Image Text:A-6
Appendix B • Standard Thermodynamic Values for Selected Substances
Appendix B. Standard Thermodynamic Values for Selected Substances
А-7
Substance
AH;
(kJ/mol)
AG;
(kJ/mol)
S°
Substance
AH;
(kJ/mol)
AG;
(kJ/mol)
S°
Substance
AH;
(kJ/mol)
AG;
(kJ/mol)
S°
Substance
AH;
(kJ/mol)
AG;
(kJ/mol)
S°
or lon
(J/mol-K)
or lon
(J/mol-K)
or lon
(J/mol-K)
or lon
(J/mol-K)
CCl,(1)
COCI2(8)
Cesium
Cs(s)
Cs(g)
Cs*(g)
Cs*(aq)
CsF(s)
CSCI(s)
CsBr(s)
CsI(s)
-68.6
-206
-139
214.4
FeCl3(s)
FeO(s)
Fe,03(s)
Fe;O4(s)
-399.5
AgF(s)
AgCl(s)
AgBr(s)
AgI(s)
AGNO3(s)
Ag,S(s)
Sodium
-334.1
142
155.6
-203
-185
84
HNO3(1)
HNO3(aq)
NF3(g)
NOCI(g)
NH,CI(s)
Охудen
O2(g)
O(g)
03(8)
ОН (ад)
H,O(g)
H2O(1)
H,O2(1)
H,O,(aq)
Phosphorus
P4(s, white)
P(g)
P(s, red)
P2(8)
PĄ(8)
PCI3(8)
PCI3(1)
PCI5(g)
PCI3(s)
P,O10(s)
PO (aq)
НРО (ад)
H,PO, (aq)
H;PO4(aq)
H;PO,(1)
Potassium
-173.23
-79.914
-220
283.74
-272.0
-251.4
-206.57
-110.5
146
-127.03
-109.72
96.11
60.75
87.400
145.3
-825.5
-743.6
-95.939
-66.32
-125
-83.3
260.6
-99.51
107.1
85.15
-1121
-1018
51.71
66.07
261.6
-62.38
114
76.7
49.7
175.5
Lead
94.6
-45.06
19.1
-40.3
-314.4
-203.0
128.2
458.5
427.1
169.72
Pb(s)
Pb*(aq)
PbCl2(s)
PbO(s)
PbO2(s)
PbS(s)
PbSO,(s)
-31.8
146
64.785
21
-248
-282.0
133
1.6
-24.3
205.0
-554.7
-525.4
88
-359
-314
249.2
231.7
160.95
Na(s)
Na(g)
Na*(g)
Na*(aq)
NaF(s)
NaCl(s)
NaBr(s)
NaOH(s)
Na,CO3(s)
NaHCO3(s)
NaI(s)
Strontium
136
51.446
-442.8
-395
-414
101.18
-218
-198
68.70
143
163
238.82
107.76
77.299
153.61
-383
121
-276.6
-219.0
-157.30
-228.60
76.6
-229.94
-10.54
609.839
574.877
147.85
-337
-333
130
-98.3
-96.7
91.3
-241.826
188.72
-239.66
-261.87
60.2
Chlorine
-918.39
-811.24
147
-285.840
-237.192
69.940
-575.4
-545.1
51.21
Cl2(g)
Cl(g)
CI"(g)
CI"(aq)
HCI(g)
HCI(aq)
CIO2(g)
Cl,0(g)
Chromium
223.0
Lithium
-187.8
-120.4
110
-411.1
-384.0
72.12
121.0
105.0
165.1
Li(s)
Li(g)
Li*(8)
Li*(aq)
LiF(s)
LİCI(s)
LiBr(s)
LiI(s)
Magnesium
Mg(s)
Mg(g)
Mg**(g)
Mg**(aq)
MgCl2(s)
MGCO3(s)
MgO(s)
Mg;N2(s)
Manganese
Mn(s, c)
Mn*(aq)
MnOg(s)
MnO, (aq)
Mercury
Hg(1)
Hg(g)
Hg²*(aq)
Hg*(aq)
HgCl½(s)
Hg,Cl,(s)
HgO(s)
Nitrogen
N2(g)
N(g)
N20(g)
NO(g)
NO2(g)
N,O3(g)
N204(8)
N2O5(g)
N,O5(s)
NH3(g)
NH3(aq)
N2H4(1)
NO (aq)
144
-349
86.82
29.10
138.67
132.91
-191.2
-134.1
-361
-234
-240
153.25
161
128
-425.609
-379.53
64.454
-167.46
-131.17
55.10
687.163
649.989
41.1
-1130.8
-1048.1
139
-92.31
-95.30
186.79
-278.46
-293.8
14
314.6
278.3
163.1
-947.7
-851.9
102
-167.46
-131.17
55.06
-616.9
-588.7
-384
35.66
-17.6
-12.1
22.8
-288
-285
98.5
102
120
256.7
-408
59.30
144
104
218
80.3
97.9
266.1
-351
-342
Sr(s)
Sr(g)
Sr*(g)
Sr*(aq)
SrCl2(s)
SrCO3(s)
SrO(s)
SrSO,(s)
Sulfur
74.1
58.9
24.5
280
54.4
-270
-270
85.8
-287
-268
312
164
110
164.54
Cr(s)
Cr**(aq)
Cro (aq)
Cr,O (aq)
Сopper
Cu(s)
Cu(g)
Cu*(aq)
Cu²*(aq)
Cu,O(s)
CuO(s)
Cu,S(s)
CuS(s)
Fluorine
23.8
-320
-272
217
1784
-1971
32.69
-402
-443.5
-2984
-323
353
-545.51
-557.3
-39
-863.2
-706.3
38
150
115
148.55
-828.4
-781.2
117
-1461
-1257
214
2351
-2698
229
-1218
-1138
97.1
-461.96
-456.01
118
-1266
-1013
-218
-592.0
-562.4
55.5
33.1
-641.6
-592.1
89.630
-1281
-1082
-36
-1445
-1334
122
341.1
301.4
166.29
-1112
-1028
65.86
26.9
-1285
-1135
89.1
51.9
64.39
50.2
-26
S(rhombic)
S(monoclinic)
S(g)
S2(g)
S8(g)
s (aq)
HS¯(aq)
H,S(g)
H,S(aq)
SO2(g)
SO:(8)
SO (aq)
HSO,(aq)
H;SO,(1)
H,SO4(aq)
-601.2
-461
-569.0
-1277
-1019
228
31.9
64.98
-98.7
-401
88
-1271.7
-1123.6
150.8
0.3
0.096
32.6
-168.6
-146.0
93.1
279
239
168
-157.3
-130
42.63
31.8
64.672
129
80.1
228.1
K(s)
K(g)
K*(g)
K*(aq)
KF(s)
KCI(s)
KBr(s)
KI(s)
КОН(:)
KCIO;(s)
KCIO:(s)
-79.5
-86.2
120.9
-219
-223
-84
89.2
60.7
160.23
101
49.1
430.211
-53.1
-53.6
66.5
-520.9
-466.1
53.1
514.197
481.202
154.47
41.8
83.7
22
-518.4
-425.1
190
-251.2
-282.28
103
-17.7
12.6
61.1
F2(g)
F(g)
F (g)
F (aq)
HF(g)
Hydrogen
H2(g)
H(g)
H*(aq)
H*(g)
202.7
-568.6
-538.9
66.55
-20.2
-33
205.6
78.9
61.8
158.64
76.027
-436.7
-409.2
82.59
-39
-27.4
122
-255.6
-262.5
145.47
61.30
31.8
174.87
-394
-380
95.94
-296.8
-300.2
248.1
-329.1
-276.5
-9.6
171
164.4
-32
-328
-323
106.39
-396
-371
256.66
-273
-275
173.67
172
153.6
84.5
-424.8
-379.1
78.87
-907.51
-741.99
17
-230
-264.9
-885.75
-813.989
-184
144
-397.7
-296.3
143.1
-752.87
126.9
0.
130.6
-210.66
196
-432.75
-303.2
151.0
-690.059
156.90
218.0
203.30
114.60
-90.79
-58.50
70.27
Rubidium
-907.51
-741.99
17
Rb(s)
Rb(g)
Rb*(g)
Rb*(aq)
RbF(s)
RbCl(s)
RbBr(s)
RbI(s)
Silicon
69.5
Tin
1536.3
1517.1
108.83
191.5
153.2
Sn(white)
Sn(gray)
SnCl,(1)
SnO2(s)
Titanium
85.81
55.86
169.99
51.5
Iodine
473
456
495.04
3
4.6
44.8
L(s)
L(8)
I(g)
I(g)
I(aq)
HI(g)
-116.14
82.05
104.2
219.7
-246
-282.2
124
-545.2
-474.0
259
62.442
19.38
70.21
260.58
90.29
86.60
210.65
-549.28
-580.7
-519.7
52.3
106.8
180.67
33.2
51
239.9
-435.35
-407.8
95.90
-194.7
86.6
142.4
314.7
108.3
Ti(s)
TiCl,(1)
TiO2(s)
-389.2
-378.1
30.7
-55.94
-51.67
109.4
304.3
346
9.16
97.7
-328
-326
118.0
-804.2
-737.2
252.3
25.9
1.3
206.33
11
118
-944.0
-888.8
50.6
Iron
-43.1
114
178
Zinc
Si(s)
SiF,(g)
SiO2(s)
0.
18.0
Fe(s)
Fe*(aq)
Fe*(aq)
FeCl2(s)
27.3
193
110
-45.9
-16
-1614.9
-1572.7
282.4
Zn(s)
41.6
-47.7
-10.5
-293
-80.83
26.7
160.9
Zn(g)
Zn²*(aq)
ZnO(s)
ZnS(s, zinc
blende)
-910.9
-856.5
41.5
130.5
94.93
-87.9
-84.94
113
50.63
149.2
121.2
Silver
-152.4
-147.21
-106.5
-341.8
-302.3
117.9
-206.57
-110.5
146
42.702
-348.0
-318.2
43.9
Ag(s)
Ag(g)
Ag*(aq)
289.2
250.4
172.892
-203
-198
57.7
(continued)
105.9
77.111
73.93
Transcribed Image Text:APPENDIX B
Standard Thermodynamic Values
for Selected Substances*
S°
(J/mol-K)
AH;
(kJ/mol)
AG;
(kJ/mol)
Substance
S°
AG;
(kJ/mol)
Substance
AH;
or lon
(kJ/mol)
or lon
(J/mol-K)
38.2
CaO(s)
Са(ОН), (s)
Ca3(PO4)2(s)
CASO4(s)
-635.1
-603.5
e (g)
Aluminum
20.87
-986.09
-898.56
83.39
28.3
-4138
-3899
263
Al(s)
Al*(aq)
-524.7
-481.2
-313
-1432.7
-1320.3
107
-704.2
-628.9
110.7
Carbon
AICI3(s)
Al,03(s)
50.94
5.686
C(graphite)
C(diamond)
C(g)
CO(g)
CO2(g)
CO2(aq)
CO (aq)
HCO;(aq)
H,CO;(aq)
CH4(g)
C,H¿(g)
C„H4(g)
CH6(g)
C;Hs(g)
C,H10(8)
C,H6(1)
CH;OH(g)
CH;OH(I)
НСНО(g)
HCOO¯(aq)
НСООН()
НСООН(аq)
CH;OH(g)
CH;OH(I)
CH;CHO(g)
CH;COOH(I)
C,H12O6(s)
C12H2„O|(s)
CN (aq)
HCN(g)
HCN(1)
HCN(aq)
CS-(g)
CS (1)
CH;CI(g)
CH,Cl2(1)
CHCI3(1)
CCL4(g)
-1676
-1582
Barium
1.896
2.866
2.439
62.5
715.0
669.6
158.0
Ba(s)
Ba(g)
Ba*(g)
Ba"(aq)
ВаCl(s)
BaCO3(s)
BaO(s)
BaSO,(s)
175.6
144.8
170.28
-110.5
-137.2
197.5
1649.9
-393.5
-394.4
213.7
-386.2
-528.10
-538.36
-560.7
13
-412.9
121
-806.06
-810.9
126
-676.26
-53.1
-1219
-1139
112
-691.11
587.06
95.0
-548.1
-520.4
72.07
-698.7
-623.42
191
-74.87
227
-1465
-1353
132
-50.81
186.1
Boron
209
200.85
52.47
68.36
219.22
B(B-rhombo-
hedral)
BF;(g)
BCl;(g)
B,H6(g)
B,03(s)
H;BO3(s)
Bromine
5.87
-84.667
-32.89
229.5
-1137.0
-1120.3
254.0
-105
-24.5
269.9
-403.8
-388.7
290.0
-126
-16.7
310
35
86.6
232.0
49.0
124.5
172.8
-1272
-1193
53.8
-201.2
-161.9
238
-1094.3
-969.01
88.83
-238.6
-166.2
127
-116
-110
219
152.23
-410
-335
91.6
Br2(1)
Br2(g)
Br(g)
Br (g)
Br (aq)
HBr(g)
Cadmium
-346
-356
30.91
3.13
245.38
-409
129.0
111.9
82.4
174.90
-410
164
-218.9
-235.1
-168.6
282.6
-120.9
-102.82
80.71
-277.63
-174.8
161
-36.3
-53.5
198.59
-166
-133.7
266
-487.0
-392
160
51.5
-1273.3
-910.56
212.1
Cd(s)
Cd(g)
Cd*(aq)
CdS(s)
112.8
78.2
167.64
-2221.7
-1544.3
360.24
118
201.7
-72.38
-77.74
-61.1
151
166
-144
-141
71
135
125
Calcium
105
121.
112.8
Ca(s)
41.6
105
112
129
66.9
63.6
192.6
158.9
154.78
117
237.79
Ca(g)
Ca*(g)
Ca*(aq)
CaF2(s)
CaCl2(s)
CACO3(s)
1934.1
87.9
151.0
-542.96
-553.04
-55.2
-83.7
-60.2
234
-1215
-1162
68.87
-117
-63.2
179
-795.0
-750.2
114
-132
-71.5
203
-1206.9
-1128.8
92.9
-96.0
-53.7
309.7
*All values at 298 K.
(сontinued)
A-5
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