A variety of abnormalities in the numbers of sex chromosomes exist because of nondisjunction during gametogenesis. Discuss the signs and problems associated with conditions such as Klinefelter and Turner syndromes.

Demonstrate how males are at an increased risk of sex-linked recessive traits by crossing a female who is a carrier for Hunter syndrome with a normal male. The genotypes involved are XH, Xh, and Y. State the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

Determine the probability of the following outcome if two individuals heterozygous for the a specific disease were to produce offspring with the assigned phenotype.  (6 offspring, 5 normal and 1 with disease.) Father and Mother are both heterozygous for the disease

Explain the genetic alterations resulting in chromosomal aberrations and their relationship to disease processes such as trisomy 21 and Philadelphia-chromosome linked chronic myelocytic leukemia.

briefly describe how chromosomal disorders happen, explaining non disjunction

Nondisjunction which can affect sex chromosomes as well as autosomal chromosomes as a common cause of genetic disorders. Use the space provided to illustrate the process of nondisjunction with the end result being that one cell exhibits in the monopsony me while other one exhibits trisomy. Hint: a sperm will fertilize the egg and add it’s chromosome in the last step)

Discuss and compare the source (mechanism) and types of increased mutations in older mother oocytes versus older father sperm (ch 4 and ch 7.) (Diagrams may be helpful if needed to convey your thoughts

X( 13 19 Karyotype 5 2 ( ( }{ } } } } 14 20 16 }} 17 18 Chromosomal Aberrancy/Name of Syndrome: Description of Symptoms:

8. Identify the following. Gene found on Y chromosome but not X chromosomes Protein coded for by SRY gene Function of testis determining factor (TDF) Organ that secretes testosterone and Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF) Hormone that promotes development of external genitalia along male line Protein that transforms Wolffian ducts into male reproductive tract organs Organ that develops in the absence of TDF SRY gene sex-determining region Y protein initiating male sex determination Testosterone

Discuss the mechanisms that lead to erroneous chromosome duplication, mention how they effect the development of Down’s syndrome.