A statistical program is recommended. Data showing the values of several pitching statistics for a random sample of 20 pitchers from the American League of Major League Baseball is provided. Player Team W L ERA SO/IP HR/IP R/IP Verlander, J DET 24 5 2.40 1.00 0.10 0.29 Beckett, J BOS 13 7 2.89 0.91 0.11 0.34 Wilson, C TEX 16 7 2.94 0.92 0.07 0.40 Sabathia, C NYY 19 8 3.00 0.97 0.07 0.37 Haren, D LAA 16 10 3.17 0.81 0.08 0.38 McCarthy, B OAK 9 9 3.32 0.72 0.06 0.43 Santana, E LAA 11 12 3.38 0.78 0.11 0.42 Lester, J BOS 15 9 3.47 0.95 0.10 0.40 Hernandez, F SEA 14 14 3.47 0.95 0.08 0.42 Buehrle, M CWS 13 9 3.59 0.53 0.10 0.45 Pineda, M SEA 9 10 3.74 1.01 0.11 0.44 Colon, B NYY 8 10 4.00 0.82 0.13 0.52 Tomlin, J CLE 12 7 4.25 0.54 0.15 0.48 Pavano, C MIN 9 13 4.30 0.46 0.10 0.55 Danks, J CWS 8 12 4.33 0.79 0.11 0.52 Guthrie, J BAL 9 17 4.33 0.63 0.13 0.54 Lewis, C TEX 14 10 4.40 0.84 0.17 0.51 Scherzer, M DET 15 9 4.43 0.89 0.15 0.52 Davis, W TB 11 10 4.45 0.57 0.13 0.52 Porcello, R DET 14 9 4.75 0.57 0.10 0.57 An estimated regression equation was developed to predict the average number of runs given up per inning pitched (R/IP) given the average number of strikeouts per inning pitched (SO/IP) and the average number of home runs per inning pitched (HR/IP). R/IP = 0.5365 - 0.2483 SO/IP + 1.032 HR/IP (a) Use the F test to determine the overall significance of the relationship. State the null and alternative hypotheses. - H0: β0 = 0 Ha: β0 ≠ 0H0: β1 = β2 = 0 Ha: All the parameters are not equal to zero. H0: β0 ≠ 0 Ha: β0 = 0H0: One or more of the parameters is not equal to zero. Ha: β1 = β2 = 0H0: β1 = β2 = 0 Ha: One or more of the parameters is not equal to zero. Calculate the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) Calculate the p-value. (Round your answer to three decimal places.) p-value = What is your conclusion at the 0.05 level of significance? Reject H0. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that there is a significant overall relationship.Reject H0. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a significant overall relationship. Do not reject H0. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a significant overall relationship.Do not reject H0. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that there is a significant overall relationship. (b) Use the t test to determine the significance of SO/IP. State the null and alternative hypotheses. H0: β1 = 0 Ha: β1 > 0H0: β1 ≥ 0 Ha: β1 < 0 H0: β1 = 0 Ha: β1 ≠ 0H0: β1 ≤ 0 Ha: β1 > 0H0: β1 ≠ 0 Ha: β1 = 0 Find the value of the test statistic for β1. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) Find the p-value for β1. (Round your answer to three decimal places.) p-value = What is your conclusion at the 0.05 level of significance? Do not reject H0. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that SO/IP is a significant factor.Reject H0. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that SO/IP is a significant factor. Reject H0. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that SO/IP is a significant factor.Do not reject H0. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that SO/IP is a significant factor. Use the t test to determine the significance of HR/IP. State the null and alternative hypotheses. H0: β2 = 0 Ha: β2 ≠ 0H0: β2 = 0 Ha: β2 > 0 H0: β2 ≥ 0 Ha: β2 < 0H0: β2 ≠ 0 Ha: β2 = 0H0: β2 ≤ 0 Ha: β2 > 0 Find the value of the test statistic for β2. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) Find the p-value for β2. (Round your answer to three decimal places.) p-value = What is your conclusion at the 0.05 level of significance? Reject H0. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that HR/IP is a significant factor.Do not reject H0. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that HR/IP is a significant factor. Reject H0. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that HR/IP is a significant factor.Do not reject H0. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that HR/IP is a significant factor.
Continuous Probability Distributions
Probability distributions are of two types, which are continuous probability distributions and discrete probability distributions. A continuous probability distribution contains an infinite number of values. For example, if time is infinite: you could count from 0 to a trillion seconds, billion seconds, so on indefinitely. A discrete probability distribution consists of only a countable set of possible values.
Normal Distribution
Suppose we had to design a bathroom weighing scale, how would we decide what should be the range of the weighing machine? Would we take the highest recorded human weight in history and use that as the upper limit for our weighing scale? This may not be a great idea as the sensitivity of the scale would get reduced if the range is too large. At the same time, if we keep the upper limit too low, it may not be usable for a large percentage of the population!
Player | Team | W | L | ERA | SO/IP | HR/IP | R/IP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verlander, J | DET | 24 | 5 | 2.40 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 0.29 |
Beckett, J | BOS | 13 | 7 | 2.89 | 0.91 | 0.11 | 0.34 |
Wilson, C | TEX | 16 | 7 | 2.94 | 0.92 | 0.07 | 0.40 |
Sabathia, C | NYY | 19 | 8 | 3.00 | 0.97 | 0.07 | 0.37 |
Haren, D | LAA | 16 | 10 | 3.17 | 0.81 | 0.08 | 0.38 |
McCarthy, B | OAK | 9 | 9 | 3.32 | 0.72 | 0.06 | 0.43 |
Santana, E | LAA | 11 | 12 | 3.38 | 0.78 | 0.11 | 0.42 |
Lester, J | BOS | 15 | 9 | 3.47 | 0.95 | 0.10 | 0.40 |
Hernandez, F | SEA | 14 | 14 | 3.47 | 0.95 | 0.08 | 0.42 |
Buehrle, M | CWS | 13 | 9 | 3.59 | 0.53 | 0.10 | 0.45 |
Pineda, M | SEA | 9 | 10 | 3.74 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 0.44 |
Colon, B | NYY | 8 | 10 | 4.00 | 0.82 | 0.13 | 0.52 |
Tomlin, J | CLE | 12 | 7 | 4.25 | 0.54 | 0.15 | 0.48 |
Pavano, C | MIN | 9 | 13 | 4.30 | 0.46 | 0.10 | 0.55 |
Danks, J | CWS | 8 | 12 | 4.33 | 0.79 | 0.11 | 0.52 |
Guthrie, J | BAL | 9 | 17 | 4.33 | 0.63 | 0.13 | 0.54 |
Lewis, C | TEX | 14 | 10 | 4.40 | 0.84 | 0.17 | 0.51 |
Scherzer, M | DET | 15 | 9 | 4.43 | 0.89 | 0.15 | 0.52 |
Davis, W | TB | 11 | 10 | 4.45 | 0.57 | 0.13 | 0.52 |
Porcello, R | DET | 14 | 9 | 4.75 | 0.57 | 0.10 | 0.57 |
R/IP = 0.5365 - 0.2483 SO/IP + 1.032 HR/IP |
Ha: β0 ≠ 0H0: β1 = β2 = 0
Ha: All the parameters are not equal to zero. H0: β0 ≠ 0
Ha: β0 = 0H0: One or more of the parameters is not equal to zero.
Ha: β1 = β2 = 0H0: β1 = β2 = 0
Ha: One or more of the parameters is not equal to zero.
Ha: β1 > 0H0: β1 ≥ 0
Ha: β1 < 0 H0: β1 = 0
Ha: β1 ≠ 0H0: β1 ≤ 0
Ha: β1 > 0H0: β1 ≠ 0
Ha: β1 = 0
Ha: β2 ≠ 0H0: β2 = 0
Ha: β2 > 0 H0: β2 ≥ 0
Ha: β2 < 0H0: β2 ≠ 0
Ha: β2 = 0H0: β2 ≤ 0
Ha: β2 > 0
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