A scientist seeks to synthesize a rare human protein in lab. To accomplish this, she utilizes  recombinant techniques to insert the DNA of a eukaryotic gene for the protein into bacterial  plasmids. These plasmids are transformed into bacteria for expression. She is disappointed to  discover that the gene product from the bacteria is not the correct protein. What corrective step  could she take in the procedure to fix this issue?

If you use the pUC18 vector  to clone in the MCS region, predict the following: a) Do bacteria that are blue in color have a cloned insert? b)Do bacteria that are white in color have a cloned insert?  c) If you were to grow these cells on Chloramphenicol (an antibiotic), would the bacteria with the pUC plasmid grow? Why or Why not?

SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis was used to determine of the sizes of the wild type and Mutant 1 and 2 HOAP proteins expressed from these plasmids in bacteria. Using the Protein Standards as a guide, estimate the sizes of the HOAP protein expressed from each plasmid. 250 100 75 50 25 10

You have sequenced the genome of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium and find a protein that is 100 percent identical to a protein in the bacterium Escherichia coli. When you compare nucleotide sequences of the S. typhimurium and E. coli genes, you find that their nucleotide sequences are only 87 percent identical. How would you interpret the observations? Please make sure to select ALL correct answer options. Because genetic code is redundant, changes in the DNA nucleotide sequence can occur without change to its encoded protein. Due to the flexibility in the third positions of most codons, the DNA sequence can accumulate changes without affecting protein structure. Natural selection will eliminate many deleterious amino acid changes. This will reduce the rate of change in the amino acid sequence and lead to sequence conservation of the proteins. Protein sequences are expected to evolve and diverge more slowly than the genes that encode them.

If you were doing a cloning experiment where a plasmid was treated with PstI but the insert DNA did not have a PstI restriction site, what restriction enzyme(s) would be suitable to treat the DNA to be inserted?

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacterium that infects a wide range of broad-leaved plants. During infection, a plasmid called Ti is transferred into the plant cells, where that plasmid DNA is integrated into the plant’s genome. Some of the genes encoded by this plasmid are expressed by host cell machinery in the plant cell. These gene products produce plant hormones which stimulate cell division in the infected cells, causing the development of a plant tumor which provides an environment for that bacterium to grow.  You are studying a novel isolate of A. tumefaciens and want to determine which of the genes on the Ti plasmid are expressed in the bacterium, and which are expressed in the plant. You start by sequencing the Ti plasmid. a)  Considering the DNA sequence of Ti, describe two specific genetic features that would help you to differentiate whether a given gene is likely expressed in the plant or bacterium. b)  You collect plant tumor tissue, containing both bacterial and plant…