A sample quadrat contains only two salamander individuals, one is a Southern California Slender Salamander and the other is an Arboreal Salamander. What is the Shannon Index, H', for salamanders in the quadrat?

Assuming the Denisovans, Neanderthals, and humans were able to interbreed, what does this tell you about their species status according to the biological species concept?

Icefishes live in the Southern Ocean, which encircles Antarctica. Icefishes have evolved to produce antifreeze proteins which prevent ice crystals from forming in their blood, when ocean temperatures drop below the freezing point of fresh water.  The antifreeze proteins, which are produced in different amounts (high, medium and low) in different fishes, help them live in the cold waters.   What are the different variations of the antifreeze protein present in the population of icefish?           2. Out of the variations which one is the favorable trait in the environment of the icefish?       3. Which icefishes will natural selection select for?       4. How will the icefish population in very cold waters, change over time?           5. Describe the adaptation in icefish (in terms of allele frequency and reproductive fitness)

Which is the best possible hypothesis for explaining changes in cortical robusticity over time? a.) The decrease in cortical robusticity associated with the appearance of modern humans was rapid and dramatic and resulted in more lightly constructed skeletons. b.) The increase in cortical robusticity associated with the appearance of modern humans was gradual and resulted in larger brain size coupled with a greater ability to deal with predators l. c.) The decrease in cortical robusticity associated with the appearance of archaic Homo sapiens is a part of a long term trend beginning with australopithecines and ending with modern Homo sapiens. d.) None if these statements are an appropriate hypothesis for changes seen in cortical robusticity.

Standard 7a Rodents can make vocalizations that humans can hear, such as a squeal. But they also can communicate during social interactions using ultrasonic vocalizations - vocalizations at a frequency higher than the human ear is capable of hearing. Sex differences in vocal communication, similar to observations in songbirds, are observed In rats, with adult male rats eliciting a typical type of ultrasonic vocalizations not observed in females. As noted elsewhere in this Problem Set, FOXP2 is involved in the development and neural control of vocalizations in a broad spectrum of species, including rodents. In humans it is linked to human speech and language disorders. In rats, FOXP2 has been related to sex-specific vocalizations, like the male-typical ultrasonic vocalizations. FOXP2 expression in neurons in the brain is greater in males than females. Further, recent research demonstrated that FOXP2 is a target of activated androgen receptors (Le specialize receptors that bind androgens…

How does the Hardy-Weinberg formula apply to the rise of bipedalism?