A researcher is interested in hamster wheel-running activity during the summer versus the winter. He suspects that either the hamsters will run less during the winter to conserve energy or they will run more to keep warm. He records the activity of n = 16 hamsters during June, July, and August and compares their running-wheel revolutions per hour to the activity of the same hamsters during December, January, and February. The data are collected, and the results show an average difference score of MDD = 3.8 and a sum of squares of SS = 522.15. What is the value for degrees of freedom for this repeated-measures t test? 47   15   50   16     What is the sample standard deviation (s) for the D scores? 1.48   5.9   522.15   34.81     What is the estimated standard error of the mean difference (sMDMD) for this study? 0.37   2.18   1.48   1.22

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Inverse Normal Distribution

The method used for finding the corresponding z-critical value in a normal distribution using the known probability is said to be an inverse normal distribution. The inverse normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with a family of two parameters.

Mean, Median, Mode

It is a descriptive summary of a data set. It can be defined by using some of the measures. The central tendencies do not provide information regarding individual data from the dataset. However, they give a summary of the data set. The central tendency or measure of central tendency is a central or typical value for a probability distribution.

Z-Scores

A z-score is a unit of measurement used in statistics to describe the position of a raw score in terms of its distance from the mean, measured with reference to standard deviation from the mean. Z-scores are useful in statistics because they allow comparison between two scores that belong to different normal distributions.