(a) Do you agree with the statement “In a Multiple Access Channel, We need to avoid collisions on wireless networks because they cannot be detected."? Justify Your answer. (b) "Slotted ALOHA reduces the number of collisions to half than that of Pure ALOHA, thus doubles the efficiency" Explain the statement with frame diagram.
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- Could you please provide more context or specify which tunneling procedure you are referring to? There are three distinct tunneling protocols that exist?In a bus CSMA/CD network with a data rate of 10 Mbps, a collision occurs 20 μs after the first bit of the frame leaves the sending station. What should the length of the frame be so that the sender can detect the collision?Show that if the transfer function of the hidden units is linear, a three-layer network is equivalent to a two-layer one. Explain why, therefore, that a three-layer network with linear hidden units cannot solve a non-linearly separable problem such as XOR or n-bit parity.
- Q.No.3. Carrier sensing before transmission is a good mechanism that avoid collisions But sometimes, more than one station sense the medium at the same time and start their transmission in result collision occurs. How to avoid this problem? And sometimes a station sense the medium, while other parties are communicating, and get the medium free due to communicating parties’ inter-frame space interval. How to overcome this problem? Note: This question is from Computer NetworkConsider the following scenario: Frames of 12000 bits are sent over a 400kbps channel using a satellite whose propagation delay is 270ms. Acknowledgements are always piggybacked onto data frames. (That is, in the case of stop-and-wait, the next frame cannot be transmitted until the entire frame containing the acknowledgement is received.) Five-bit sequence numbers are used. What is the maximum achievable channel utilization for (a) Stop-and-wait. (b) Protocol 5 (i.e., Go Back N). (c) Protocol 6 (i.e., Selective Repeat)Frames of 1000 bits are sent over a 106 bps duplex link between two hosts. The propagation time is 25 ms. Frames are to be transmitted into this link to maximally pack them in transit (within the link). 1.1 What is the minimum number of bits (1) that will be required to represent the sequence numbers distinctly? Assume that no time gap needs to be given between transmission of two frames.
- What are the benefits and drawbacks of various access methods based on random access? Why does the slotted ALOHA protocol have twice the channel use of pure Aloha?Assume that there is a shared connection (for example, an Ethernet bus) with a speed of 1 Mbps. How much time (in microseconds) is required to send a frame with a length of 1000 bits over this link?Explain why collision is an issue in a random-access protocol but not in reservation or channel partitioning protocols.
- Calculate the latency (from first bit sent to last bit received) for: (a) 1-Gbps Ethernet with a single store-and-forward switch in the path and a packet size of 5000 bits. Assume that each link introduces a propagation delay of 10 us and that the switch begins retransmitting immediately after it has finished receiving the packet. (b) Same as (a) but with three switches. (c) Same as (b), but assume the switch implements "cut- through" switching; it is able to begin retransmitting the packet after the first 128 bits have been received.Assume that a reliable delivery of data from a machine M1 to another machine M2 is provided through many intermediate machines. All the intermediate links of these machines are not prone to error such as that in the case of present day wired networks. What layer or layers (transport, network, or data link layer) one will choose to provide reliability? What layer or layers one will choose to not provide reliability? Justify with explanation for both affirmative and negative selections.Suppose Ethernet physical addresses are chosen at random (using true random bits). (a) What is the probability that on a 1024-host network, two addresses will be the same? (b) What is the probability that the above event will occur on one or more of 220 networks? (c) What is the probability that, of the 230 hosts in all the networks of (b), some pair has the same address? Hint: The calculation for (a) and (c) is a variant of that used in solving the so-called Birthday Problem: Given N people, what is the probability that two of their birthdays (addresses) will be the same? The second person has probability 1-3 of having a 365 different birthday from the first, the third has probability 1 365 of having a different birthday from the first two, and so on. The probability that all birthdays are different is thus 2 (1-365)×(1-325) × × (1-N5¹) X X 365 which for smallish N is about 1+2+ 1 · + (N − 1) 365 ...