(a) Anagenesls (b) Cladogenesis-prevalling mechanism of speclatlon

Name the process by which new species are formed.

V4

Cell division is involved in the growth, reproductive development and replacement of old cells in organisms.  By using only 6 chromosome, draw and label a new cell showing how these chromosomes would arrange themselves during the metaphase of meiosis I. There is one crossing over that occurs between one homologous pair. In your drawing distinguishes between homologous pairs. Compare the process of independent assortment and crossing over. Decide and justify which process has the greatest influence on genetic diversity.Remark: The word count limit is 250 words only, no less than 100 words.

Given a cladogram for a group of species, what additional interpretation is needed to obtain a phylogenetic tree?

Explain the scientific cause of Down syndrome (alterations during DNA replication, mutagenic factors, errors in transcription or translation, or disjunction errors during meiosis, etc).

What is the sister taxon of Taxon 3. The sister taxa or clade of Taxon 1? The sister taxon or clade of the Outgroup is?The most recent common ancestor of Taxon 1 and Taxon 3 ? The most recent common ancestor of Taxon 2 and Taxon 3? How many clades (if any) are nested within the Ingroup? If we don’t count the terminal nodes (the tips), how many clades are depicted in the tree?

How is the nucleus connected to golgi and rough ER?

Which taxonomic group includes kingdoms and all other levels of taxonomy?

How does metamerism makes independent segmental movements possible?