A 35-year-old woman complains of a 2-month history of hoarseness of her voice and some choking while drinking liquids. She denies viral illnesses. She underwent surgery for a cold nodule of the thyroid gland 9 weeks ago. Her only medication is acetaminophen with codeine.   What the  functional components and different  branches of the Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X).

A 35-year-old woman complains of a 2-month history of hoarseness of her voice and some choking while drinking liquids. She denies viral illnesses. She underwent surgery for a cold nodule of the thyroid gland 9 weeks ago. Her only medication is acetaminophen with codeine.  What is the most likely diagnosis?  What is the anatomical explanation for her symptoms?

At age 6 months an infant is diagnosed with a form of epilepsy characterised by sudden onset of head-drop seizures and deteriorating mental development. Discuss the normal function of the blood brain barrier, the type of epilepsy in this case and explain how a leaky blood brain barrier might lead to seizures being triggered. Include in your answer possible treatment options for the infant.

A 36-year-old woman presented with a history of seizures that began at age 16. Her seizures are described as generalized tonic-clonic. Originally, she received phenobarbital. The tonic-clonic seizures were controlled, but she began to have episodes of non-responsive staring (absence seizure). Her medication was changed to phenytoin (PHT). PHT controlled both the staring episodes and the tonic-clonic seizures, but severe gum hypertrophy occurred. She was changed to carbamazepine, but the episodes of staring became more frequent and she developed involuntary jerking of her upper extremities (myoclonic seizure). For the past 2 years, she had received 500 mg of valproate (VPA) three times per day. She reported no side effects, seizures, or other related events. At age 30, she suffered a miscarriage while taking PHT. She has a 3.5-year-old son. During the pregnancy, she remained seizure free. There was no history of birth defects. She is taking an oral contraceptive and has no other…

A 36-year-old woman presented with a history of seizures that began at age 16. Her seizures are described as generalized tonic-clonic. Originally, she received phenobarbital. The tonic-clonic seizures were controlled, but she began to have episodes of non-responsive staring (absence seizure). Her medication was changed to phenytoin (PHT). PHT controlled both the staring episodes and the tonic-clonic seizures, but severe gum hypertrophy occurred. She was changed to carbamazepine, but the episodes of staring became more frequent and she developed involuntary jerking of her upper extremities (myoclonic seizure). For the past 2 years, she had received 500 mg of valproate (VPA) three times per day. She reported no side effects, seizures, or other related events. At age 30, she suffered a miscarriage while taking PHT. She has a 3.5-year-old son. During the pregnancy, she remained seizure free. There was no history of birth defects. She is taking an oral contraceptive and has no other…

Match the cranial nerve to it's function. IV X V VII 1. 2. facial sensations and mastication 3. 4. eye movements with superior oblique muscle 5. taste, facial expressions, salivary & lacrimal gland secretion sensations of tongue and ear, blood pressure and respiration regulation, salivation, swallowing taste, hunger and fullness, swallowing, speech, reduced heart rate, abdominal organs

MENINGES The coverings around the brain are the same three layers as the coverings around the spinal cord. They are: • outer: middle: inner: Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found (between which meninges?) Answer: in the Where is CSF made? List the locations in the path that CSF travels, from the first place where it's made to where it leaves the arachnoid granulations. 3 ↓ 3 Arachnoid Granulation

Basal Ganglia damage is always: Contralateral to the site of lesion Acquired rather than inherited Ipsilateral to the site of lesion Both 1 and 2

Match each description with the appropriate cranial nerve in the diagram shown below 1. Carries commands to the eyes — to muscles that move the eyes or control pupil size and lens shape:   2. Carries commands to an extraocular eye muscle, the superior oblique muscle:   3. Carries commands to an extraocular eye muscle, the lateral rectus muscle:   4. Carries information from olfactory receptor cells in the nose:   5. Carries commands to muscles of facial expression (orbicularis oculi, etc.) and to glands, and carries information from taste buds in the tongue:   6. Carries commands to a pharyngeal muscle and gland, and carries information concerning taste or touch in the oral cavity and pharynx:   7. Splits into three branches; carries commands to the muscles of mastication (temporalis, etc.) and information from facial skin:   8. Carries commands to the tongue:   9. Carries commands to, and information from, many internal organs:   10. Carries information from…

A 28-year-old woman at 19 weeks of pregnancy complains of acute onset of numbness of the right cheek and drooping of the right face that occurred over 1 hour. She denies trauma to the head. On examination, the patient has difficulty closing her right eyelid, and her right nasolabial fold is smoother than on the left. She also is drooling from the right side of her mouth. The remainder of the neurological examination is normal. What is the anatomical mechanism for this condition?