8. Complete the following equations giving the structures for all the lettered reagents and/or products. Be sure to indicate the correct stereochemistry where appropriate. If no reaction occurs write N.R.

Jj.168.

Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Use the reaction conditions provided and follow the arrows to draw the intermediate and product in this reaction or mechanistic step(s). Include all lone pairs and charges as appropriate. Ignore stereochemistry. Ignore inorganic byproducts. :0; 0: CI: :0:

Answer each question thoroughly nd completely. 1. Thoroughly explain why a halogen, X2 ,cannot be directly added to a benzene ring. 2. What properties does a benzene ring have that allude to its reactivity? 3. What is meant by aliphatic? 4. Explain the different types of oxidations for phenols. Give an example of each with the name of the phenol, and the oxidized phenol product. The examples should be drawn in chemical reaction form. 5. Are phenols reactive? Why or why not? 6. What is meant by an ortho director? Use a reaction as an example. 7. Why is the rate limiting step important in the bromination of benzene? 8. What role does the sigma complex play in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions? 9. How do Lewis acids play a role in generation of the electrophile? A mechanism will be needed to go along with your explanation. 10. Explain the nitration of benzene reaction. 11. What are deactivating groups, and how do they relate to substitution on the benzene ring? 12. What is the…