75. In a healthy person who is standing, which of the following best characterizes findings in the apical regions of the lungs if compared with the basal regions? Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio Compliance Alveolar PO₂ A) B) C) D) E) 1 No change No change no change no change no change no change

Mr. Chan is admitted to the emergency unit with shortness of breath. He had similar symptoms approximately 1 year ago with a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation requiring hospitalization. (a)  What is obstructive lung disease? How does it affect the oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the arterial blood?  (b)  Describe how the obstructive lung disease can be diagnosed by the spirometer. (c)  Mr. Chan’s lungs show a progressive destruction that is a form of COPD. (i) What is the name of the lung disease describing this form of COPD?  (ii) Describe and explain the change in lung compliance, airway resistance and pulmonary ventilation.  (d) Give one COPD exacerbation that Mr. Chan may experience. How can it affect pulmonary function?

A client with type 1 diabetes mellitus is admitted to the emergency department. Which of the following respiratory patterns requires immediate action?   Question 6 options:   a)  Deep, rapid respirations with long expirations   b)  Shallow respirations alternating with long expirations   c)  Short expirations and inspirations   d)  Regular depth of respirations with frequent pauses

Indicate whether the changes in respiratory volumes or capacities described are observed A) during an acute asthma attack, B) in emphysema C) both during an acute asthma attack and in emphysema, or D) not during an acute asthma attack or in emphysema. Note that the acute asthma attack is in a person not taking ventolin (ie no inhaler). Decrease in total lung capacity   Increase in residual volume   Decrease in FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second)   Decrease in tidal volume   Decrease in expiratory reserve volume

What is the difference between a restrictive and obstructive airway condition?

Which of the following factors would NOT increase the rate of diffusion of oxygen through the respiratory membrane? A) Increasing the SA/V ratio B) Increasing the partial pressures C) Decreasing the surface area D) Decreasing the thickness of the membrane E) Decreasing the distance the gas has to diffuse

1.) True or False: Total Pulmonary Ventilation is always greater than Alveolar Ventilation?   True   False   2.) Negative pressure in the pleural sac is generated by __________ elastic recoil of the thoracic wall and ____________ elastic recoil of the lungs:   Inward; inward   Outward; outward   Inward; outward   Outward; inward   None of the above

While having a physical examination, a young male informed his doctor that at age 8 he has lobar pneumonia and pleurisy in his left lung. The physician decided to measure his VC. Describe the apparatus and method used for taking this measurement . Define the following terms used in the description of lung volumes. TV, IRV, ERV, RV, and VC.

Cigarette smoke irritates the lining of your airway, causing it to [6]; this makes the diameter of your airway [7] and slows the movement of air. Smoke also slows the movement of [8]. Is a "smoker's cough" due to damage of alveoli or bronchial tubes? [9] Is a long-term smoker's difficulty breathing due to damage of alveoli or bronchial tubes? [10] [11] is a lung disease caused by damage to the alveoli.

Given the following values: ERV=1700mL ERV+TAV= 2200 mL VC= 3000 mL 1) Calculate TAV and IRV. 2) If they have a breathing rate of 14 breaths/min, what is their minute ventilation? 3) If they have the normal dead space ventilation of 150 mL, what is their alveolar ventilation? (show dead space volume as part of the calculation). 4) If they start exercising and increase their breath volume to 1600 mL with 25 breaths per minute, what is their alveolar ventilation now?