7. Which of the following contribute to positive bid-ask spreads? i. Transaction costs ii. Inventories iii. iv. Information Asymmetry Presence of Informed investors and Speculators a) All the above (i., ii., iii. and iv.) b) i. and ii. only c) i., ii., and iii. only d) i. and iii. only

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Market Efficiency

Market efficiency refers to the market's ability to provide investors with all available information about investment options for buying and selling securities. Market efficiency reflects the true value of securities without undervaluing or overvaluing them. When the quality and quantity of information increase, the market becomes more efficient, allowing it to reduce arbitrage and obtain higher market returns from investment. In a well-functioning market, everyone receives all information completely and immediately at no cost. It opens up a plethora of opportunities for investors to access various investment options.